What radiographic procedure must you use sterile gloves for touching items on the tray?
Myelogram
Written defamation of character is known as?
Libel
Which drug would you administer when a patient develops urticaria?
Antihistamine
What is another name for hives?
Urticaria
A skin rash triggered by a reaction to food, medicine, or other irritants.
Hive
Or
Urticaria
Transmission of an infection by insects such as a tick or mosquito is known as a?
Vector
When an object is free of all microorganisms it is termed?
Sterile
Why is the IV bag 18 to 20 inches above the level of the vein?
To prevent the backflow of blood into the tubing which forms a clot and obstructs the flow of the IV fluid
An inanimate object that is been in contact with an infectious organism is a?
Fomite
a specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.
Contraindication
The main advantage of using non-ionic water-soluble contrast media on the patient would be?
Fewer adverse reactions
What type of radiographic procedure requires an intrathecal injection?
Myelogram
__ is a route of administration for drugs via an injection into the spinal canal
intrathecal
Which gauge size has the biggest lumen?
The smallest number gauge has the biggest lumen
If the CR is angled 40° Cephalic what projection of the calcareous so calcis are you taking?
Plantodorsal Projection
In the thoracic cavity each lung is enclosed in a?
Pleura
Which projection of the foot will best demonstrate the long arch?
Lateralmedial erect or weight-bearing
In the AP axial projection Townes of the skull with the CR directed 30° caudal to the OML and passing midway between the EAM which structures best demonstrated?
Occipital Bone
not alive, especially not in the manner of animals and humans.
objects like stones
showing no sign of life; lifeless.
inanimate
An imaging examination that involves the introduction of a spinal needle into the spinal canal and the injection of contrast material in the space around the spinal cord and nerve roots (the subarachnoid space) using a real-time form of x-ray called fluoroscopy.
Myelogram
The best way to control voluntary motion is?
Careful explanation of the procedure to the patient
What is demonstrated on the oblique position of the cervical spine?
Intervertebral foramina
In relation to the Esophagus the trachea is located where?
The trachea is anterior in relation to the esophagus
Which position will demonstrate the right axillary ribs?
RPO
Or
LAO
The manubrial notch is located at the level of?
T2-t3 interspace
Which projection of the ankle would best demonstrate the distal tibio fibular joint?
Medial oblique 45°
What is the position of the gallbladder in a Asthenic patient?
Inferior and medial
The true lateral position of the skull uses which of the following principles?
Interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR
MSP parallel to the IR
IOML parallel to the IR
During myelography a contrast medium is injected into which space?
Subarachnoid space
Which position of the elbow will separate the radial head neck and tuberosity from the superimposition of the ulna?
Lateral or external oblique
With the patient in the PA position and the OML and CR perpendicular to the IR where will the Petrous pyramids be demonstrated within the orbits?
Completely within the orbits
The sternoclavicular joint is best demonstrated with the patient PA and ?
A slightly oblique position with the affected side adjacent to the IR. RAO
What position will demonstrate the patients left kidney parallel to the IR and the right kidney perpendicular to the IR?
30 degrees RPO or LAO
Which position will demonstrate the lumbar intervertebral foramina?
Lateral
Which position will demonstrate the apophyseal joints closest to the IR?
RPO (right)
LPO (left)
How should a patient be examined for separation of the AC joint?
Erect position with use of weights to improve demonstration of both joints
The coronoid process can be visualized in profile in what position of the elbow?
Both medial and internal AP oblique
If the lesser tubercle is in profile for the AP shoulder joint the humorus is in which rotation?
Internal
If the greater tubercle is in profile then the humorous is in which rotation?
External
What type of fracture is it called when a bone is driven into another bone?
Impacted
No grid
(Times mAs by…)
1
5:1
(Times mAs by…)
2
6:1
3
8:1
4
Most commonly used
12:1
5
16:1
6
Density Maintenance Formula
mAs1 = D1 squared
mAs2 D2 squared
Inverse square law
I1= D2 squared
I2 D1 squared
What is the establish fetal does limit guideline for pregnant radiograph’s during the entire gestation period?
0.5 rem
5 mSv
500mrem
What should you use if you have to restrain a child or infant in order to perform a procedure?
Restraining them with the use of a mechanical device if you cannot use a mechanical device have the patients father hold the child
According to the NCRP the annual occupational full body does equipment limit is?
5 rem
50 mSv
5000mrem
How will the x-ray photons intensity be affected if the SID is doubled?
The intensity of the beam will decrease four times this is known as the inverse square law
If the patient received 2000 MRAD during a 10 minute fluoro exam how much exposure will the patient recieve in five-minutes?
1000 Mrad which is half of what they received in 10 minutes
The photo electric effect is an interaction between x-ray photons and…
And inner shell electron
What is recommended for the pregnant radiographer to use as far as the dosimeter badge?
Wear one dosimeter badge outside the lead apron at the collar level and one dosimeter badge inside the lead apron at the level of the waist so A total of two badges are worn and these badges position should never be interchanged
What is likely to occur if 25 Rad is delivered to fetus in early pregnancy?
Spontaneous abortion will occur if 25 rad were to be delivered to fetus during the second through the 10th week
skeletal abnormalities may appear
How does filtration affect the primary beam?
It increases the average energy of the primary beam by filtering out the low-energy photons
The unit of measurement used to express occupational exposure is the?
REM (seivert)
The unit of absorbed dose is?
Rad (gray)
Biologic material is most sensitive to irradiation under which condition?
Oxygenated
The reduction in the intensity of the x-ray beam as it passes through a material is termed?
Attenuation
The largest amount of diagnostic x-ray absorption occurs in which tissue?
Bone since it is the most dense tissue
The effects of radiation on biological material are dependent on several factors. If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a long period of time the fact will be?
The effect will be less than if it were delivered all at one time for a short period of time
What interaction contributes most to occupational exposure?
Compton Scatter
What factors affect both the quality and the quantity of the primary been?
Half value layer (hvl)
KV
The unit of exposure in air is?
Roentgen (C/kg)
How often should lead aprons and lead gloves be check for cracks?
Annually or once a year by the fluoroscope
Which radiation monitors function on the basis of stimulated luminescence?
0SL and TLD
What is the single most important scattering object in both radiography in Fluoroscopy?
The patient
A group of exposure factors are given which one will deliver the least amount of exposure?
Highest KVp with lowest mass will give the least or safest amount
The purpose of filters in a film badge is?
To measure radiation quality
Compton scatter occurs when a high-energy incident electron ejects what?
An outer shell electron
When a fast screen film system is used with the slow screen film automatic system the resulting images are?
Too dark or overexposed
A change to 3 phase and 6 pulse = __ (original mAs)
2/3
A change to 3 phase and 12 pulse = __ (original mAs)
1/2
What does a penetimeter evaluate?
Penumbra
Edge blur
Penumbra
Field of view (FoV)/ matrix =
Pixel Size
As matrix size increases pixel size
Decreases
mAs controls
Density
KVP controls
Contrast
Windowing
Changing image brightness
Contrast Scale
A star pattern tests what?
Focal spot size
In three phase equipment half of the expected arc is a sign of?
Rectifier failure
For three-phase equipment a synchronous spinning top test is used to check?
Rectifier function and test timer accuracy
In a three phase equipment full-wave rectified current should have a____degree arc per second
360
A gentle curve usually has___speed,____contrast, and___latitude.
Slow
Low
Wide
Hypovolemic
Shock caused by lack of blood
The conversion of the latent image into a manifested image takes place in the?
Developer
Decreasing film size from 14 x 17 to 8 x 10″ will do what?
Decrease radiographic density and decrease the amount of scatter
A group of exposure factors are given consisting of MA and time. Which will produce the greatest radiographic density?
Multiply all factors
the highest mas will produce the highest density
High mass equals high __
Density
The process of leveling and windowing of digital images determines?
Contrast
adjusting the level adjusts the optical density and adjusting the window adjust the contrast
Exposure factors are given of KVP and mas using a non-grid exposure. How much mass would you be used if you use the 8 to 1 grid?
The grid conversion factor of the 8 to 1 is four so you would multiply your mass using a non-grid exposure by four
Unopened boxes of radiographic film should be stored away from radiation and…
In the vertical position or on the end
To be suitable for use in intensifying screen a phosphor should have what characteristic?
High conversion efficiency, High x-ray absorption and a high atomic number
The purpose of the automatic processors circulation system is too?
Agitate, mix and filter solutions
The height of the lead strips divided by the width of the interspace material is defined as?
Grid ratio
When going from a lower kVP to a higher kvp what will happen?
You will have greater exposure latitude produce a longer scale of contrast and produce more scatter
Misalignment of the tube part IR relationship results in?
Shape distortion
elongation occurs from angling of the tube
Foreshortening occurs from angling of the part
What has an effect on recorded detail?
SID is directly proportional
Increasing SID will decrease magnification and increase recorded detail.
A decrease in SID will do what to magnification?
Do what to recorded detail?
Increase magnification
Decrease recorded detail
Increasing SID will______magnification and_____recorded detail.
Decrease
Increase
A smaller focal spot size will____recorded detail since the focal spot blur is smaller?
Increase
A larger focal spot size will____recorded details since greater blur is produced
Decrease
Density (brightness) is controlled by
1.
2.
- The number of the exit (remnant) rays sticking the IR
- Window leveling
What controls the number of electrons passing from the cathode to the anode an x-ray tube?
Mas
What controls the quantity of the x-rays produced at the anode?
Mas
Quantity
Mas
Quality
Kvp
What controls the amount of radiation exiting the x-ray tube?
Mas
As mas is increased density is____in the same amount
Increased
As mas is decreased density_____in the same amount
Decreases
What directly controls the energy or quality of the x-rays produced?
Kvp
As KVP _, a greater potential difference exists between the cathode in the anode
Increases
As the_____ __________increases, the electrons from the cathode strike the anode in greater numbers and with greater energy
Potential difference
As a Kvp increases a greater potential difference excists which results in an increase level of production of___wavelength and high-energy radiation
Short
KVP’s affect on density is governed by what?
15% rule
A increases in KVp of 15% _ density
Doubles
A decrease in KVp by 15% _ density
1/2s
Intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of x-rays and the image receptor
Inverse square law
Intensity is measured in
Roentgens
Or
coulombs/kilogram (SI)
Radiographic density is a function of what?
Beam intensity
Beam intensity is governed by the?
Inverse square law
The inverse square law describes changes in____ __
Beam intensity
(and radiographic density which is a function of being intensity)
If the SID is doubled intensity (density)….
Decreases four times
If distance is halved, intensity (density) …
Increase four times
Variations in intensity is the result of the____of the x-ray beam as it travels through space
Divergence
Different atomic number
Same numbers of neutrons
Isotones
Same element
Same atomic number
Different mass
Isotope
Different atomic number
Same mass
Isobar
During the first part of the first term of a pregnancy what type of abnormalities occur?
Skeletal
During the second part of the first term of pregnancy what type of abnormalities occur?
Neurologic
General diagnostic exams deliver a fetal dose less than _- RAD
1-2
Late effects
Malignancy
Leukemia
Genetic effects
Stochastic effects
Stochastic effects have a , _
Dose- response curve
Linear, non-threshold
Max leakage radiation
100 Mr/h at 1m
As OFD increases
Resolution
Quality
Decreases
As FFS increases
Resolution
Quality
Decreases
A proportional increase in SID and OiD
No change in resolution
Higher sampling frequencies
Aliasing artifacts are more obvious
Lower sampling frequencies aliasing artifacts…
.. are less obvious
Moire effect
Aliasing artifact
Occurs when using stationary grids
When SID is increased the recorded detail is?
Increased
Best recorded detail when using a __ SID
Long
There is a _ relationship between recorded detail and SID
Direct
A image plate front material
Carbon fiber
Interspace materials of a grid
Alumunium
Plastic fiber
As matrix size increases pixel size __
Decreases
Pixel size is __ related to resolution
Inversely
Dynamic range =
Pixel depth/ shades of gray
More bits = __ shades of gray
More
Pix depth is _ to resolution
Unrelated
A increase in matrix size results in…..
smaller pixels
Improved resolution
What does aluminum filtration remove?
Low-energy photons
A decrease in the number of photons=
A decrease in beam intensity
If low energy photons are removed the average energy of the beam is…
Increased
True or False
Even with filtration the max energy of the beam remains unchanged unless KV is changed
True
Pus in the thoracic cavity
Empyema
Over distentions of air in the alveoli
Emphysema
Congential Clubfoot
Talipes
Deformed talus
shortened Achilles’ tendon
In which view is the OML at a 37° angle?
Waters
In which view are the petrous ridges projected below the maxillary sinuses?
Waters
When are the petrous ridges below the orbits?
Caldwell at 30 degrees caudad
When are the petrous ridges in the bottom one thirds of the orbits?
PA caldwell 15 degrees caudad
When do the petrous ridges fill the orbits?
PA view
Where is the degree difference of the OML and the IOML for a baby or small child?
14 degrees
What is the degree difference between the OML and IOML for an adult?
7 degrees
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue
1 sec
1000ms
Smallest carpal
Pisiform
Most palpable carpal
Pisiform
In which position is the pisiform free from superimposition?
AP medial oblique
Processes of the scapula?
Coracoid
Acromion
Elimination of all living microorganisms
Sterilization
The frontal sinuses and ethmoidal are best used in the…
Pa axial caldwell
The sphenoid sinus is best viewed in the…
Open mouth waters
The maxillary sinuses are best viewed in the ….
Waters
In which view is the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid process projected through the Foramina Magnum?
Townes
CR spatial frequency/resolution increases as PSP…..
Crystal size decreases
CR spatial frequency/resolution increases as …
Matrix size increases
In electronic imaging brightness/density changes with changes in…
Window level
In electronic imaging contrast changes with changes in…
Window width
Electronic imaging there is a___dynamic range
Wide
In electronic Imaging there is a greater…
Exposure latitude
In electronic imaging mas and KV do not regulate ….
density/brightness and contrast
In electronic imaging IP’s are very…
Sensitive to fog
When a CR artifact appears such as image fading what is the cause?
Delay in processing
When a CR artifacts such as fog appears what is the cause?
Exposure to scattered radiation
When a large field of view is used the image is___and requires___exposure
Brighter
Less
When a small field of view is used that image is___bright and requires___exposure
Less
More
CR spatial frequency/resolution increases as laser…
Beam size decreases
A grid results in …….
1
2
3
Less scatter fog
Fewer gray tones
Increase in contrast
Beam restriction =
A decrease in Compton interations
Contrast decreases as filtration __
Increases
Anatomy/pathology = __
Subject contrast
What controls contrast ?
Atomic number
Tissue density
Tissue thickness
Contrast agents
Atomic number effects on contrast
Increase in atomic number = increase in contrast
Tissue density and thickness effects on contrasts
Increase in tissue density or thickness = decrease in contrast
Contrast agents equal a…..
Increase in contrast
Increase in contrast =
Fewer gray tones
Short scale contrast
Low KVp
Decrease in contrast =
Many shades of gray
Long scale contrast
Increase in KVp
Controls X-ray beam energy
Kvp
Grids increase __
Contrast
Beam restriction increases __
Contrast
Protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the cardiac sphincter
Hiatal Hernia
When the Tube is directed 15degrees caudal the petrous pyramids will fill….
The bottom 1/3rd of the orbits
Where is the most accurate spot to find a pulse?
apical which is at the apex of the heart
Found with a stethoscope
Where is the most common place to find a pulse?
Radial pulse
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate
Tachycardia
Rapid heart rate
Chonr-
Cartilge
Thyroid
Skin
Extremities
Occupational Dose Equivalent Limit
50 Rem
500 mSv
5000 mRem
50 Rem = _
mRem and mSv
5000mRem
500 mSv
Occupational dose equivalent for the lens of the eye?
150 mSv
Occupational dose equivalent for the pregnant women’s fetus/embryo?
5 mSv
A higher ratio grid = __ grays
Fewer
Whole body occupational dose equivalent ?
5 Rem
50 mSv
Percentage of time that the primary beam is directed toward a particular wall
Use factor
Achalasia
Dilation of the esophagus
The cardiac sphincters failure to relax and allow food to pass
A low energy x-Ray photon uses all of its energy to eject an inner-shell electron
Photoelectric effect
Loss of brightness = _ FOV
Decreased
RAD
Radiation absorbed dose
Unit of exposure
measures quantity of ionization in the air
Roentgen
Dose to the biological tissue
rem
Rate at which particulate or photon energy is transferred to the absorber
LET
Measures quality of radiation
LET
Hair losss
Epilation
Tissue without O2
Anoxic
Tissue with little o2
Hypoxic
Intensity =
Quantity
The thicker portion should be under the __
Cathode side
The upper part of the lateral T spine should be under what?
The cathode side
When is the anode heal effect more pronounced?
Large IR with a short SID
Because the anode has a steep target angle
A high S number
Underexposure
A high Ei number
Overexposure
Strep throat is a____
Bacteria
Most of the primary beam is made up of_____
brems Radiation
An electron approaching a positive nuclear charge changes direction and loses energy
Brems radiation production
An x-ray to the inner target needs to have a____ _ number and a_ __ point
High atomic
High melting
True or false
the cathode assembly receives both low and high voltages
True
High scale contrast =
Short scale contrast
CRs use __ while DRs do not
IPs
The term_____is used to describe how much of the patient is included in the matrix
FOV
What permits the flow of current in only One Direction?
A rectifier
Interaction with low energy photons
Compton scatter
Which is the source of most scattered radiation?
Patient
When is more high energy photons produced?
High kvp
Quality
Kvp
Quantity
MA
50 rem = _ msv
500
The punch/penetrability
Kvp
High mAs
__ number of photons produced
High
….is unrelated to photon energy
_ mas __ kVP
Keeps radiation dose to a minimum
Tube life is extended
Low mAs
high kvp
LET
Linear Energy Transfer
The rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to the soft tissue
LET
Leakage radiation is a form of __ radiation
Secondary
The radiation barrier has a __ inch lead wall above _____feet.
Secondary
1/32
7
True or false
Secondary barriers should never be struck by the useful beam
True
True or false
Primary barriers can be struck by the primary beam
True
Primary protective barriers are __ feet tall and should have _____inch thick lead
7
1/16 (1.5mm)
The dose to the lens is significantly reduced if a skull is shot __
PA
NCRP annual occupational whole-body dose-equivalent limit
50 mSV
5rem
5000mrem
NCRP annual occupational whole-body dose-equivalent limit for a student under the age of 18
1mSV 100mrem. 0.1rem
NCRP
Lens of eye limit
150 mSV 15 rem
NCRP
Thyroid, skin and extremities limit
500 mSV. 50 rem
_ _ describes the % of time that the primary beam is directed toward a particular wall
Use Factor
Total gestational dose-equivalent limit
Embryo/fetus of a pregnant radiographer
No greater than 0.5 mSV/1 month
5 mSV 500 mrem
Hair loss
Epilation
If the line begins at zero, there is _ _
No threshold
Redding of irradiated skin area
Erythema
Number of X-ray exposures made per week
Workload
Immediate Radiation Reading Device
Pocket Dosimeter/pocket ionization chamber
What is the minimum lead amount for the fluoro drape?
0.25 mmPb
Atoms of the same element but different mass number
Isotopes
Same atomic number and mass number
Isomers
Milliamperage is directly proportional to X-ray _
Intensity
Isotones
Same neutron amount but different atomic number