According to newtons law which of these two force is greater: size or force?
Neither. For each force there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Bradycardia, progressive hypertension (widening pulse pressure), and decreased respiratory effort
Define the characteristics of neurogenic shock
Define the characteristics of spinal shock
Describe one fat embolism syndrome is most likely to occur in its characteristics
With longform fractures. Tachycardia, Thrombocytopenia, and petechiae rash.
Describe the characteristics of cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock results from pump failure in the presence of adequate intravascular volume. Lack of cardiac output and an organ perfusion occurs secondary to a decrease in myocardial contractility and or valvular insufficiency. This can happen with blunt cardiac trauma or an MI. Symptoms can include low blood pressure increase heart rate and respiratory rate chest pain shortness of breath dysrhythmias increase troponin and pale cool moist skin
Describe the characteristics of distributive shock.
Distributive shock occurs as a result of Mel distribution of an adequate circulating blood volume with the loss of vascular tone or increased permeability. This can occur with spinal cord injuries, sepsis, or anaphylaxis. Symptoms include low blood pressure heart rate respiratory rate preload and afterload, spinal tenderness, difficulty breathing, warm pink and dry skin with a cool core temperature.
Describe the characteristics of hypovolemic shock
Hypovolemia is caused by a decrease in the amount of circulating volume usually caused by massive bleeding, but also can be from vomiting and diarrhea. Characteristics include low blood pressure and preload, increase heart rate respiratory rate and afterload, with contractility unchanged. Signs include obvious bleeding, weak peripheral pulses, pale cool and moist skin, distended abdomen, pelvic fracture, or bruise swollen and deformed extremities especially long bones.
Describe the characteristics of obstructive shock
Obstructive shock is it mechanical problem that results from hypoperfusion of the tissue due to an obstruction in either the vasculature or the heart resulting in decreased cardiac output. Some causes include a tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, or venous air embolism on the right side of the heart during systole in the pulmonary artery.Signs include anxiety, muffled heart sounds, JVD, hypertension, chest pain, difficulty breathing, or pulses paradoxes.
Describe the four types of spinal cord injury
Central cord injury results in greater weakness distally, anterior injury includes motor loss or weakness below the cord level of injury yet sensory is intact, Brown-Sequard (hemicord) is weak on one side with sensory deficit on opposite side, posterior cord syndrome although rare is when the patient is unable to use sense vibration in proprioception
Describe the measurement of an NPA
Measure from the tip of the patient’s nose to the tip of the patients earlobe.
Differentiate between the three impacts of motor vehicle impact sequence.
The first impact occurs when the vehicle collided with another object. The second impact occurs after the initial impact when the occupant continues to move in the original direction of travel until they collide with the interior of the vehicle or meet resistance. The third impact occurs when internal structures collide within the body cavity.
Name the three ways to confirm ETT placement
True or false: NPAs and OPAs are definitive airways.
False. When placing one of these? One should consider the potential need for a definitive airway.
What are contributing factors to injuries related to blunt traumas?
What are the early signs of increased Intracranial pressure
What are the four types of shock?
Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Obstructive, & Distributive
What are the four types of trauma related injuries?
Blunt, penetrating, thermal, or blast.
What are the greatest risks for transport?
What are the late signs of Increased intracranial pressure
What are the seven patterns of pathway injuries related to motor vehicle accidents?
Up and over, down and under, lateral, rotational, rear, roll over, and ejection.
What are the signs and symptoms of decompensated shock?
What are the signs and symptoms of irreversible shock?
Obtunded stuporous or comatose state, marked hypertension and heart failure, bradycardia with possible dysrhythmias, decreased and shallow respiratory rate, pale cool and clammy skin, kidney liver and other organ failure, severe acidosis, elevated lactic acid levels, worsening base access on ABGs, coagulopathies with petechiae purpura or bleeding.
What are the signs of compensated shock?
What are the symptoms of a subdural hematoma?
Decreased LOC, nausea vomiting headache and ipsilateral pupillary changes
What are the three factors that contribute to the damage caused by penetrating trauma’s?
The point of impact, the velocity and speed of impact, and the proximity to the object.
What are the three processes that transfer oxygen from the air to the lungs and blood stream
What are the three stages of shock
Compensated, decompensated or progressive, and irreversible.
What are the treatment goals for a TBI?
What causes quarternary effects of blast traumas?
What causes quinary effects of blasts traumas?
What causes the primary effects of blast traumas?
What causes the secondary effects of blast traumas?
What causes the tertiary effects of blast traumas?
What is a trademark symptom of an epidural hematoma
Loss of consciousness then awake and alert then loss of consciousness
Any combination of tension compression torsion bending and/or shear.
Crushing by squeezing together
What is Cullen’s sign and its significance?
Cullens sign is periumbilical bruising and is indicative of intraperitoneal bleeding
stretching force by pulling at opposite ends
What is the minimum permissive hypertension and a trauma patient?
A systolic of greater than or equal to 90 MMHG
What is the minimum permissive oxygenation level of a trauma patient?
What is the Munro-Kellie doctrine?
What is the recommended fluid bolus for a trauma?
What is the relationship between mass and velocity to kinetic energy?
What is the trauma triad of death?
hypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy
Torsion forces twist ends in opposite directions.
Increasing the ventilation rate. Doing so would allow the patient to blow off retained CO2.
Decreasing the ventilation rate. By doing so, the nurse allows the patient to retain CO2.
When would you use a nasopharyngeal airway versus an oral pharyngeal airway?
Nasopharyngeal airways is contraindicated in patients with facial trauma or a suspected basilar skull fracture. Oral pharyngeal airways is used in unresponsive patients unable to maintain their airway, without a gag reflex as a temporary measure to facilitate ventilation with a bag mask device or spontaneous ventilation until the patient can be intubated.