In what year was Georgia established?
1732
When did settlement take place in Savannah?
1733
How long was Georgia in existence before there was a governor or governing body within the colony itself?
Two decades
Who ruled Georgia in the beginning?
Board of Trustees
Define: Board of Trustees
The governing body of Georgia in London England. King George signed a charter establishing the colony and creating its governing board
What years is Georgia referred to as “Trustee Georgia”?
1732 – 1752
What were four things that were outlawed when Georgia was founded?
slavery, rum, lawyers, and Catholics
Who was the impetus behind Georgia’s founding?
James Edward Ogelthorpe
Battle of Bloody Marsh
On St. Simons Island between the English and the Spanish. It was an attempt of the Spanish to invade Georgia
Who from Georgia signed the Declaration of Independence?
Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton
Who from Georgia signed the US Constitution?
Abraham Baldwin and William Few Jr.
Which state was Georgia to enter the Union when it ratified the Constitution in 1788?
Fourth
What was the most serious military confrontation between British and American troops?
Siege of Savannah in 1779
Where was the capital moved to and from in 1779?
Savannah to Augusta
Battle of Kettle Creek
Took place in Wilkes County
Nancy Hart
a female patriot and spy credited with killing several Tories at her home
When was the ban on slavery in Georgia lifted?
1752
Eli Whitney
inventor of the cotton gin
Yazoo land fraud
1795, the sale of western land to four land companies after the governor and members of the General Assembly had been bribed / land companies bribed GA leaders to sell land cheaply; resulted in U.S. take-over of disputed land
James Edward Ogelthorpe
The leader of English Parliament who founded the Georgia colony, in order to create an effective buffer from the Spanish and Spanish controlled Florida.
University of Georgia
Founded in 1785, first university in the nation established by a state government
Wesleyan College
Established in Macon in 1836, the first degree-granting women’s college in the world
Trail of Tears
The Cherokees forced exile from the states northewestern territory in 1838 – 1839. It became a symbol of the trauma and suffering all experienced
What was Georgia referred to as by the 1860s?
“Empire State of the South”
Which state was Georgia out of all the states to secede from the Union?
fifth
Howell Cobb
in control of the Confederacy’s organizing convention
Thomas R. R. Cobb
primary author of the Confederate Constitution
William T. Sherman
known for his military campaign “March to the Sea” in which he marched from Atlanta to Savannah for his final siege. His troops burned barns and houses, and destroyed the countryside. His march showed a shift in the belief that only military targets should be destroyed. Civilian centers could also be targets
Reconstruction
the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
Freedmen’s Bureau
established by Congress to aid African Americans undergoing the transition from slavery to freedom in the aftermath of the Civil War
Klu Klux Klan
Terrorist organization devoted to racial inequality, suffering and evil, established 1868
Governor James Jackson
Overturned the Yazoo Act; elected to First Congress; lost reelection
Joseph Brown
Governor from Georgia who tried at times to keep his own troops apart from the Confederate forces and insisted on hoarding surplus supplies for his own state’s militias. He believed that his state had seceded so that it didn’t have to follow the dictates of a central government.
Milledgeville
Georgia’s fourth capital and seat of the state government during the Civil War
Henry L. Benning
A jurist who became associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia in the 1850s. He then became a vocal advocate for secession and earned the rank of brigadier general during the Civil War
Robert Toombs
A senator and extremist from Georgia who said that the South would never let the federal government be controlled by the Republican party and threatened secession.
Rufus Bullock
He served as the Governor of Georgia from 1868 to 1871 during Reconstruction and was the first Republican governor of Georgia. After various allegations of scandal, in 1871 he was obliged by the Ku Klux Klan to resign the governorship.
Tunis Campbell
Represented McIntosh County as a state senator and served as a justice of the peace.Insisted on equal representation of blacks in juries and otherwise championed their rights to the point of making himself an annoyance to the whites. Was sentenced to a year of hard labor for improper conduct.
the crop-lien system
a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests ; guess how well this worked for farmers
Populism
Farm-based movement of the late 1800s that arose mainly in the area from Texas to the Dakotas and grew into a joint effort between farmer and labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. The movement became a third party in the election of 1892.
“New South” Crusade
Sought to diversify the Georgia economy; eventually led to the industrialization of the state.
Jim Crow
The system of racial segregation in the South that was created in the late nineteenth century following the end of slavery. These laws written in the 1880s and 1890s mandated segregation in public facilities.
W. E. B. Du Bois
American civil rights activist; wrote the Souls of Black Folk and demanded full racial equality; helped found the NAACP
Rebecca Latimer Felton
Rebecca Latimer Felton She was a civic leader that supported women’s suffrage and temperance as well as strongly disagree with the convict lease system. She was also the first woman to serve in the US Senate
Leo Frank
Jewish factory manager in Atlanta who was convicted of murdering a female employee. A mob lynched him in his jail cell.
County-unit System
County-unit System It gave each county or district a certain number of votes. The bigger the district, the more votes. This inacurately stated what people wanted and gave rural areas more votes, which did not represent what most people would prefer.
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
Restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again.
Herman Talmadge
GA governor; in reaction to Brown vs. BOE he declared that GA will ‘not tolerate the mixing of races in public schools or any other tax supported instutions.” Forcibly took over the Governor’s mansion until it was officially announced he had lost the election.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize Winner(1964)
1996 Olympic Games
Put georgia on a national stage, and made Atlanta a world known city.
Thirteenth Amendment
officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude; 1864
Fourteenth Amendment
overruled Dred Scott(1857) granting blacks citizenship ; reinforced due process and equal rights; 1868
Fifteenth Amendment
explicitly grants right of citizens to vote regardless of race, color or having been enslaved (!) ; 1870
Ben Epps
father of aviation in the state
Charles Lindbergh
acclaimed aviator
William B. Hartsfield
established Hartsfield Airport, also later became mayor of Atlanta
Brown vs. Board of Education
ruled that the “separate but equal” laws were unconstitutional
Why did colonists come to the new world?
religious freedom, profit, adventure and more
Iroquois League
…
indentured servant
A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor. “…it depended for labor in its early years mainly on white indentured servants….
Hernan Cortes
spanish conquerer
Jamestown
settled and named after king James
The Stono Rebellion
a band of slaves marching proclaiming Liberty in 1739. they marched over ten miles and killed between 20-25 whites
William Penn
early Quaker who founded Pennsylvnia
The Great Awakening
evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America (esp American colonies) leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism
Mercantilism
economic theory and practice common in Europe from 16th to 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nations economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers
Thomas Paine
English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary. Wrote Common Sense that advocated for colonial Americas independence from Great Britain
Alexander Hamilton
founding Father of the US, cheif staff to General Washington and one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the Constitution, the founder of the nations financial system and the founder of the first american political party
Federalist Papers
series of 85 papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution
Northwest Ordinance
was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the US, passed in 1787. the primary effect was the creation of the northwest territory (the first organized territory of the US
Kentucky and Virginia resolves
political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 in which kentucky and virginia legislatures took the position that federal alien and sedition acts were unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase
the acquisition by the USA in 1803 of Frances claim to the territory of Louisana
Hartford Convention
series of meetings from dec 1814 to jan 1815 in hartford connecticut in which new england federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing war of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal gvts increasing power
Dartmouth College Case
a landmark decision from the US supreme court dealing with the application of the contract clause of the US constitution to private corporations
Frederick Douglass
african american social reformer, orator, writer and statesmen. escaped slavery and became the leader of the abolitionist movement
Nullification Crisis
section criss during Jacksons presidency created by SC ordinance of nullification.
Seneca Falls Convention
…
Morrill Act of 1862
…
New York City Riots
…
Jefferson Davis
…
Andrew Johnson
…
conscription
…
Eugene v. Debs
…
Battle of Wounded Knee
…
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
…
Booker T. Washington
…
Free Silver
…
Open Door Policy
…
Calvin Coolidge
…
Scopes Trial
…
Father Charles Coughlin
…
Tenneessee Valley Authority
…
Lend-Lease Act
…
Hiroshima
…
Containment
…
Cuban Missile Crisis
…
Brown v. Board of Education
…
Malcolm X
…
John F. Kennedy
…
Tet Offensive
…
Affirmative Action
…California 1990s
Moral Majority
…
Reagan Revolution
…
Operation Desert Storm
…
Ross Perot
…
NAFTA
…
Ronald Reagan was referring to __ when he spoke of the “Evil Empire.”
the Soviet Union
Which nation held fifty-eight hostages in their capital’s American Embassy in 1979 and 1980?
Iran
Martin Luther King, Jr. first came to national prominence during:
the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955
What happened at Kent State University on May 4, 1970?
National guardsmen fired into a group of protesting students.
The Harlem Renaissance was:
an African-American literary and artistic movement.
__ found themselves forced into internment camps in the western U.S. during World War II
Japanese-Americans
The most significant third political party of the late nineteenth century was the:
Populist Party
Jim Crow laws were:
a method of imposing strict segregation in even the smallest aspects of society.
During the Civil War, conscription was:
first instituted by the Confederacy.
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Pre-Columbian Peoples of the American Southwest
-Agriculturally focused groups that developed powerful and complex societies
-Became increasingly dependent on the cultivation of maize
Pre-Columbian economy in Great Basin and the western Great Plains
- Migratory because of limited resources
Pre-Columbian economy in the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard
-Another Group of tribes in present-day NY formed the Iroquois League
-Cultivated crops and participated in foraging and hunting, often creating lasting settlements
Hernan Cortes
Spanish explorer who marched across mexico and conquered the aztecs
- from spain
Hernando de Soto
-explored deep in USA
-first to cross and disocer Miss. River
-claimed for Spain
Georgia first colonized by Spanish because they were looking for
gold and land
The Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.
The Treaty of Tordesillas
A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
St. Augustine
-1st colony in Florida set up by Spain
joint-stock company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and debts.
James Edward Oglethorpe
The leader of English Parliament who founded the Georgia colony
James Wright
Georgia’s third, and final, royal governor
Jamestown
-First permanent English settlement
-Starving time (1609-1610 80% died)
-1619: first slave ship of africans
- 1640: modern concept of slavery was established in US
Why did colonists come to the New World?
Religious freedom
profit
adventure…etc.
Original Trustees of Ga were provided what
50 acres , free passage, provisions for 1 yr
William Penn
-Founder of Pennsylvania
-Pushed for democracy and religious freedom
-Quaker
-Wanted to unite all of the U.S. colonies
Quakers
-believed human religious institutions were largey unnecessary
-thought they could receive revelationg directly form God and placed little importance on the Bible
-pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors
-their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both britain and america
-opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans
-elements of the culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a United States that valued independence and social equality
What country claimed Quebec?
The French
French Colonization in the New World
French and Dutch Colonies in the new world usually relied on cooperation with native peoples instead of extensive settlement and force in contrast to the spanish and british
Dutch Colonization in the New World
-first colonies functioned more as trading outposts than settlements
-the Dutch commissioned an expedition by English explorer Henry Hudson to North America
-Hudson failed in his search for a Northwest Passage, but his reports of abundant resources created interest among Dutch merchants
-The Dutch West India Company was chartered to develop colonies in North America
-the company tried to attract immigrants with land grants, and a diverse group of European settlers slowly began to arrive
-its most important settlement was New Amsterdam, which became a center for trade
-usually relied on cooperation with native peoples instead of extensive settlement and force, in contrast to the Spanish and British
Types of New British Colonies in the New World
-Charter Colony: colonist were members of a corp
-Royal Colony: governor selected by King
-Proprietary colonies: owned by individuals
Characteristics of New England Colonies:
Founded primarily by Puritans, that wanted a group of like-minded individuals; close-knit, longer life expectancies; mixed economy of farming and trade
What is the headright system?
The headright system is when a landowner would pay for an individual’s passage from England to America. The landowner would receive 50 acres of land and that same individual to work the land.
Who settled land west of the Mississippi River
A. The French
B. The Dutch
C. The Spanish
D. The British
A. The French
Who settled land in New York
The Dutch along Hudson River later colonized New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.
Main cash crop of Chesapeake Bay (Virginia and Maryland)
Tobacco
??? Early settlers wanted main crop to be _ , ended up being __
wine/silk and rice/indigo
Later cash crops became tobacco and cotton
King Phillip’s War
Most Indians lost in New England
King Philip’s War was an armed conflict between American Indian inhabitants of New England versus the New England colonists and their Indian allies in 1675-78
Bacon’s Rebellion
-armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.
- First rebellion in the colonies
Whiskey Rebellion
In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay’s Rebellion.
Indentured Servitude
A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.
Bacon’s Rebellion made the practice seem riskier to planters and owners
English Puritanism
1500s and 1600s
*Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology
*Puritans rejected these roman Catholic holdovers and sought to make the English Church “pure”
*Puritans held Calvinist beliefs, such as predestination and the authority of Scripture over papal authority
*Puritanism echoes throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism
Many of the European settlers who first came to the New World did so to escape religious persecution. Which colony was granted to a benefactor for the purpose of settling the Quakers?
A. Virginia
B. Massachusetts
C. New Hampshire
D. Pennsylvania
D. Pennsylvania by William Penn
House of Burgesses
1619 – The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.
Maryland
became the first proprietary colony to serve as refuge for English Catholics
Navigation Acts
Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.
Triangular Trade
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
Early settlers in New England depended primarily upon what source of labor?
A. their children
B. slaves
C. indentured servants
D. wage laborers
A. their children
First Great Awakening
Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.
The Stono Rebellion
-1739
-Largest slave uprising in SC
-Leader Jemmy (Cato)
-Marched towards Spanish Florida, where they were promised freedom and land
-Lead to the negro act of 1740 which restricted slave movements, education, and assembly.
What were the main benefits of owning slaves
Source of wealth and status
Battle of Bloody Marsh
Victory for Oglethorpe over the Spanish on St. Simons Island in 1742
French and Indian War
-7 years war
-1754-1763
- Britian and France
The French and Indian War was fought to decide if Britain or France would be the strong power in North America. France and its colonists and Indian allies fought against Britain, its colonists and Indian allies.
Treaty of Paris of 1763
Ended French & Indian War. Marked the end of French power in North America. Britain gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain gave up Florida but received all lands west of the Mississippi River
Impact of the French and Indian War on British Colonial Policy
- after the french and indian war, britain set out to solve its large national debt
- it created a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods
-Sugar, Stamp, Quartering, Declaratory
Sugar Act
law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
Stamp Act
an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
Declaratory Act
Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation “in all cases whatsoever.”
Quartering Act
1765 – Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.
Proclamation of 1763
Bc of Pontiac’s Rebellion
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
Boston Massacre
The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans
Enlightment
movement that began in Europe in the late 1600s as people began examining the natural world, society, and government; also called the age of reason
moved from europe to new world to influence writers like isaac newton, john locke
Mercantilism
Economic system to unify and increase the power and wealth of a nation by strict governmental regulations through policies like bullion and favorable balance of trade
-Adam Smith was anti-mercantilism
The Tea Act
1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.
The Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
Intolerable Acts
in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop’s in barns and empty houses
Revolutionary War
-1775-1783
The American Revolutionary War, also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and her Thirteen Colonies, which declared independence as the United States of America.
-Sparked by the Stamp Act against King George the III (1765)
-Boston Massacre (1770)
-Boston Tea Party (1773) (Sons of Liberty)
Thomas Paine
-1777
-Father of American revolution
-Inspired rebels to declare independence from britain
- Wrote Common Sense and The American Crisis
The Battles of Lexington and Concord
-1775
-First military engagements of the American Revolutionary war
-lieutenant francis smith
-Shot heard around the world
University of Georgia
The United States’ first state-chartered university (1785); it is the oldest and largest of Georgia’s institutions of higher learning
Governor James Jackson
Reformer, wants to clean up the mess made by the Federalists. Plans to repeal the Yazoo deal if elected. Father of Jeffersonian Party in Ga. Swept the election, takes office in 1796, rescinds the Yazoo purchase of year prior.
Overturned Yazoo Act; elected to First Congress; lost reelection
George Washington
-Named commander in chief of continental army
-drafted US constitution
-marine corps
-articles of confederation
//
First president of the US
Friedrich Von Steuben
German soldier help train continental army to follow commands attack and retreat
Nancy Morgan Hart
One of the most patriotic women in Georgia, she worked as a spy; she disguised herself as a man and entered British camps trying to gain information; famous for holding six British soldiers (Tories) at gunpoint who tried to pillage her land
Judiciary Act of 1789
In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.
During the American Revolution, Tories were:
A. leaders of the Sons of Liberty.
B. guerrilla fighters in the South.
C. English who sympathized with the revolutionaries.
D. loyal to the Crown of England.
D. loyal to the Crown of England. -> patriots were opposed to King
Industrial Revolution
Britain 1720’s – Period of rapid industrial growth resulting from new sources of power and new ways to make products. Handmade goods were replaced by machine made goods
Washington’s Farewell Address 1706
Stressed 3 dangers facing the nation: 1) political parties could divide the nation, 2) avoid long term alliances with foreign nations, and 3) avoid sectionalism caused by geography and other differences
Battle of Bunker Hill
-1775
-William prescott
-British won
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
State Constitutions
States wrote a new constitution to replace their colonial charters after they declared independence. Most called for bicameral legislature and a governor (usually one year term for elected officials). You had to own property or pay a certain amount of tax to vote. Individual liberties protected people (including freedom of religion), but did not separate church and state.
Treaty of Paris 1783
-Ended the American Revolutionary war YORKTOWN
-US recognized as its own place
Articles of Confederation
Nation’s FIRST constitution. Limited power of national government. Created a weak national government incapable of dealing with the nation’s problems – 1781
Later replaced with a federal system under the Constitution.
Alexander Hamilton
-One of the Founding fathers
-Aided George washington
*First US treasurer
-one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution,
-the founder of the nation’s financial system,
-the founder of the Federalist Party, -the world’s first voter-based political party,
-the Father of the United States Coast Guard, and the founder of The New York Post.
Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan
- pay off all foreign and domestic debts 2. have a National Bank 3. have a protective tariff 4. have an excise tax
Thomas Jefferson Opposed
Western Land Cessions
1781-1787; Georgia in 1802
*The original thirteen states ceded their western land claims to the new federal government
*The states that lacked western land claims feared that states with claims could grow in size, skewing representation in the federal government
*Before signing the United States Constitution, these states demanded that those with claims cede the land
*Ordinances in 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance (1787) organized the ceded areas in preparation for statehood
*New states were organized and admitted to the Union
*This policy strengthened the ties of the western farmers to the central government
Federalists
A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.
Supporters – Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay
Anti-Federalists
Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.
George Mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton
Republican Party correlated
Federalists papers
-collection of 85 articles and essays written (under the pseudonym Publius) by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution
-Against the bill of rights
-Madison discusses the means of preventing rule by majority faction and advocates a large, commercial republic
James Madison
Considered “Father of the Constitution” because of his role in its writing and ratification. Wrote Bill of Rights. One of the authors of the Federalist Papers.
President during War of 1812
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution
10th Amendment
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Elastic Clause
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are “necessary and proper” to carry out the powers of the Constitution.
Northwest Ordinance
-1789
-An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio
-First organized territory of the US
-Began westward expansion
-This division helped set the stage for national competition over admitting free and slave states
Iroquois league
five tribes to form the Indian confederation called the Iroquois League.
Eli Whitney
Invented the cotton gin, 1793
Jay Treaty
Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley
John Adams
America’s first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press “ought not to be restrained.”
XYZ Affair, the alien sedition acts and VA & KY resol
XYZ Affair
A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats
US refused to comply
led to the creation of the US Navy
All of the following were consequences of Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin, except:
A. the urbanization of the southern economy.
B. the strengthening of slavery in the southern states.
C. the development of an American textile industry.
D. the spread of cotton as a cash crop in the southern states.
A. the urbanization of the southern economy.
Cotton Gin
machine which automated cotton processing and INCREASED the need for slaves
Shay’s Rebellion
Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
Constitution
A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society
Jeffersonian Republicans
Basically anti-federalist
one of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jeffrson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today’s Democratic party. The Jeffersonian republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong states’s rights.
Strict interp of constitution
Great Compromise (1787)
It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed along with proportional representation of the states in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states.
1795 Yazoo Land Fraud
in which four land companies bribed legislators to approve their acquisition of 35 million acres (nearly 60 percent of the land area that now constitutes Alabama and Mississippi) at the cost of only five hundred thousand dollars.
Alien and Sedition Acts
acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government
Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
-1798
-Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
-written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.
-argued for states’ rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution.
Judiciary Act of 1801
a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists
What belief led most states to require a certain level of property ownership in order to qualify for voting or holding political office?
A. Concentrating political power in the hands of the wealthy would hasten economic development.
B. Such qualifications would encourage the poorer classes to work hard and save money.
C. It would be easier to keep track of one list of property owners and one list of voters, rather than having a list for each.
D. Only property owners would possess the necessary independence to make wise political choices.
D. Only property owners would possess the necessary independence to make wise political choices.
Marbury vs. Madison
Supreme Court case which established the principle of judicial review 1803
Louisiana Purchase
-1803
-US bought land from france
-Thomas jefferson president
-federalists party opposed
-Lewis and Clarke set out to explore after purchase
Marshall Court
Chief Justice John Marshall; established the power of the federal government over the states; supremacy clause; supported by McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden
Gibbons v. Ogden
Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government
Steam Boats
McCulloch v. Maryland
Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law
Embargo of 1807
1807-1809
*American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination
*Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic Wars
*The result was economic depression in the United States, which angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the financial downturn
Milledgeville (1804-1868)
Georgia’s fourth capital and seat of the state government during the Civil War (1861 – 1865)
War of 1812
-The United States declared war on June 18, 1812, for several reasons, including trade restrictions brought about by the British war with France, the impressment of US merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support for Native American tribes against European American expansion
-At the end of the war, both sides signed and ratified the Treaty of Ghent and, in accordance with the treaty, returned occupied land, prisoners of war and captured ships
-POST WAR- US went from Ag to Indust
-President madison
-US won battle of YORKTOWN so British Burned DC
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814 – Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
Hartford Convention
-1814-1815
-federalists expressed grievances with the war of 1812
-Federalists were upset w 3/5 compromise and required a 2/3 majority in congress for the admission of new states
-The convention discussed removing the three-fifths compromise which gave slave states more power in Congress and requiring a two-thirds super majority in Congress for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and laws restricting trade.
James Monroe
(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas
Missouri Compromise
“Compromise of 1820” over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
Monroe Doctrine
1823 – Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.
Dartmouth College Case v. Woodward
-1819
-Dealt with the contract clause
-Court ruled in favor of the school to remain private when the state of New Hampshire wanted them to be public
- The case arose when the president of Dartmouth College was deposed by its trustees, leading to the New Hampshire legislature attempting to force the college to become a public institution
Frederick Douglass
- Former slave..escaped
-Leader of abolitionist movement
-autobiographies best seller
-supported women’s suffrage
Iroquois League
-Group of native american tribes: wyandot, susquehannock, Erie, neutral party
-Beaver wars: try to stop fur trade between tribes and european markets
- Fur trade
-Ohio river (great lakes region)
Railroads West
In 1837 engineers for the Western and Atlantic Railroad (a state-sponsored project) staked out a point on a ridge about seven miles east of the Chattahoochee River as the southern end of a rail line they planned to build south from Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Trail of Tears
-Forced relocation of American Cherokee Indians after indian removal act of 1830
-exposure, disease, and starvation
-president andrew jackson
-many moved to oklahoma
Spoils System
A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.
Indian Removal Act
(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
Georgia gold rush
- found during the cherokee indian removal in 1838
Second party System
-1828-54
-rising levels of voter interest
-democratic party lead by andrew Jackson
-Whig party lead by henry clay (national republicans)
(Jacksonian era)
Whig Party
An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
Antebellum Reform
1820-1860
*Explosion in the number of colleges (Oberlin college in Ohio became the first do-ed college)
*Expansion of state-supported elementary schools and other public schooling, in part due to the leadership of Horace Mann
*Dorothea Dix led in the establishment of asylums of humane treatment of the insane
*Prisons were also reformed
Nullification Crisis
-1832-33
- SC argued that the federal tariffs were unconstitutional
- Jackson sent troops to force SC to pay tariffs
Gadsden Purchase 1853
Gadsden Purchase, 1853-1854. The Gadsden Purchase, or Treaty, was an agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.
Henry L. Benning
A lawyer, legislator, and jurist who became associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia in the 1850s. Also became a vocal advocate for secession and earned the rank of brigadier general during the Civil War. He is also noted for the U.S. Army’s fort named in his honor
Robert Toombs
Senator and extremist from Georgia who said that the South would never let the federal government be controlled by the Republican party. Also served as Secretary of State and was a strong advocate for secession
Temperance Movement
An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption
Andrew Jackson’s and the Second Bank
Hated Hamilton’s Bank Idea
Veteo’d Bank
Population Growth and change, early 1800s
1840s & 50s irish catholics and german
Civil War 1861
-1861-1865 between North (Union) and South (Confederate)
to determine survival of union or independence of the confederacy
-North Disagreed with slavery while south supported it.
Confederates attacked Fort Sumter over slavery (Prez Lincoln)
North Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths:
-superior leadership in Abraham Lincoln
-greater population – 22 million people
-military power – a five to two advantage in men who could fight, a navy, war machinery
-more factories more money more railroads
Weaknesses:
-fighting on unfamiliar territory
-weak motivation
South Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths:
-outstanding military officers
- strong motivation – were fighting to keep way of life
- fighting on home ground
Weaknesses:
weak leadership skills of Jefferson Davis
- fewer men and supplies few factories less money
William T. Sherman
He commanded the Union army in Tennessee. In September of 1864 his troops captured Atlanta, Georgia. He then headed to take Savannah. This was his famous “march to the sea.”.
What did William T. Sherman “present” to President Lincoln for Christmas
Savannah
Federalist Party
-One of Americas first party systems
- Hamilton
-Dominant prior to 1800
-business community
Democratic Republic
-One of Americas first party System
-Jefferson
-Dominate after 1800
-Farmers and planters
-South– strong state gov’t
The national political parties of the second American party system were:
A. the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.
B. the Democratic Party and the Whig Party.
C. the Federalist Party and the Republican Party.
D. the Democratic Party and the Populist Party.
B. the Democratic Party and the Whig Party.
Mexican American War 1846
War between U.S. and Mexico over territory in the southwest (Texas and Rio Grande). As a result, Mexico ceded all claims north of the Rio Grande which included California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming,
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Gave the U.S. lands that would become the states of Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern Wyoming. Mexico received 15 million dollars and gave up its claims to Texas.
Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
1847 Mormon Trail
Mormons went to Utah
Seneca falls convention
-1848
-a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman
Morrill Act of 1862
-Act of the U.S. Congress (1862) that provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in “agriculture and the mechanic arts.”
-signed by lincoln
-promoted higher education in America
Dred Scott v Sanford
Landmark Supreme Court Case in 1857 which confirmed the status of slaves as property rather than citizens
Dred Scott decision
- African Americans had no claim to freedom or citizenship.
- Slaves could not sue for freedom
- As slaves were private property, Congress did not have the power to regulate slavery in the territories and could not revoke a slave owner’s rights based on where he lived.
Crop-lien System 1860-1930
a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests
When did the south secede?
1861 First state to secede South Carolina
Last state to secede – Tennessee
Kansas Nebraska Act
-1854
-Allowed kansas and Nebraska territories decide if they want to allow slavery within their borders
-served to repeal the missouri compromise
New York City Riots
-riots about men being drafted into war
-Lincoln had to send in troops to suppress
-Lower class were mad that rich could pay $300 to be exempt from war
Joseph Brown 1857
Governor of GA during the civil war who heavily criticized the confederacies policies and tried to protect Georgians from getting pulled into the war. for succession. resistant to confederacy’s policies. ONLY GOVERNOR SERVED 4 TERMS (Other than Talmadge)
Alexander Stephens
VP of Confederate states of America during civil war
Fort Sumter
-1861
- First battle of bull run (confederate victory)
-beginning f civil war
-attack on the union
Sharecroppers
1870’s Tenant farmers, serfs, who worked the land they did not own for a meager share of the crops
Ku Klux Klan
-terrorism
-“purification” of american society
-right wing extremist organizations
-hate group
The Ku Klux Klan was which of the following
A. A social club
B. a terrorist organization
C. white supremacist group
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
KKK took positions such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration, opposed Catholics and Jews
Had 3 different manifestations over time
Emancipation proclamation (1863)
-lincoln issued during the civil war, which made ending slavery a war goal.
-Gettysburg Address – A speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. Lincoln was speaking at the dedication of a soldiers’
Who assassinated Abraham Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth
Battle of Gettysburg
1863, this three day battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, ended in a Union victory, and is considered the turning point of the war
Robert Lee invaded Penn for VA, but retreated to Gettysburg
Jefferson Davis
-president of the Confederate states of america
-originally senator of Mississippi
13th Amendment
officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude; 1864
14th Amendment
overruled Dred Scott(1857) granting blacks citizenship ; reinforced due process and equal rights; 1868
15th Amendment
explicitly grants right of citizens to vote regardless of race, color or having been enslaved ; 1870
End of Civil War
South surrendered at Appomattox court house
Homestead Acts
-1862
-United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a “homestead”, at little or no cost
-Any adult who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government, could apply. Women, blacks, and immigrants were eligible.
Morill Land Grant Act
1862 Provide states 30,000 acres for each member of Congress to support state agricultural colleges.
460,000
Number of slaves freed during and after the war
Freedman’s Bureau
The Bureau protected the legal rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts, and set up schools and even churches for them.
Reconstruction era
-1865-1877
the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
Reconstruction effects
- legislation passes to readmit former Confederate states to the Union
- 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments are ratified by the states
- former slaves gain mobility, right to attend schools, and to organize churches
- planters replace plantations w/ sharecropping
- Supreme Court narrows scope of new Amendments
- Democrats regain power in the South
- Home rule prevents federal intervention in state gov’t
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
1863
*Lincoln believed that seceded states should be restored to that Union quickly and easily, with “malice toward none, with charity for all.”
*Lincoln’s “10% Plan” allowed Southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and an end to slavery
*When 10 percent of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed
*This plan was not accepted by Congress
Wade-Davis Bill
1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.
Post Bellum Era
no slavery, crop-lien system, farmers found themselves mortgaging an implanted crop at an unspecified rate of interest for a loan of undetermined value.
Segregation
a social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups
Rufus Bullock
He served as the Governor of Georgia from 1868 to 1871 during Reconstruction and was the first Republican governor of Georgia. After various allegations of scandal, in 1871 he was obliged by the Ku Klux Klan to resign the governorship.
Tunis Campbell
Prominent African American politician who represented McIntosh County as a state senator and served as a justice of the peace. Insisted on equal representation of blacks in juries.
Freedmans Bureau
Panic of 1873
Nationwide depression
Andrew Johnson
-Pres after lincoln
-The first American president to be impeached
The end of Reconstruction
-Rutherford B hayes
-Republicans promised that if Hayes was elected he would withdraw the last of the federal troops from the south, allowing the only remaining Republican Reconstruction governments to collapse
-1877 (76?)
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history
Railroad Strike of 1877
One of the worst outbreaks of labor violence erupted in 1877, during economic depression, when railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs. It shut down 2/3 of country’s rail trackage. Strike quickly becoming national in scale. For the first time since 1830s federal troops used to end labor violence. More then 100 people killed.
American Federation of Labor
-founded in 1886
- national federation of labor unions in the United States
-Samuel Gompers (pres)
-largest union grouping in the United States for the first half of the 20th century
What effect did John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry have on the United States?
A. Southerners realized that Brown was insane and chose to ignore the incident.
B. Southerners became convinced that slave uprisings could never be successful.
C. Both northern abolitionists and southern fire-eaters became incensed.
D. Many northern abolitionists, afraid of what happened, abandoned their political stance against slavery.
C. Both northern abolitionists and southern fire-eaters became incensed.
Populist Party
Farm-based movement of the late 1800s grew into a joint effort between farmer and labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. The movement became a third party in the election of 1892
Led by Tom Watson
Jim Crow laws
unwritten and written laws to follow included the poll tax, literacy test, and property requirements, separate but equal laws
-enacted after reconstruction period 1896
-racial segregation
-brown v board of ed (1954)
Voting Restrictions
poll taxes, literacy test, grandfather clause, property requirements aimed at disenfranchising black voters
Who coined the term “gilded age”
Mark Twian
During the Civil War, conscription (people being drafted but could find subs or pay to be exempted) was:
A. first instituted by the Union.
B. unnecessary.
C. overturned in the North by a Supreme Court ruling.
D. first instituted by the Confederacy.
D. first instituted by the Confederacy. … used by both
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history
Andrew Carnegie and the Gospel of Wealth
-says the wealthy should be used to help those in need
-established libraries
- carnegie steele companies involved in homestead strikes
Booker T. Washington
Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book “Up from Slavery.”
Sherman Antitrust Act
-United States antitrust law (or “competition law”) passed by Congress in 1890. Passed under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison, it prohibits certain business activities that Federal government deems to be anti-competitive.
-monopolies and cartels
Pendleton Act
reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission
Battle of Little Bighorn
In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer’s troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died
Spanish American War
1898
Spain declared war on the United States
US decided to intervene after sinking of USS Maine
Pathetically onesided b/c Spain did not have army trained or ready
US Destroyed Spanish fleet in Philippines very quickly
Immigration in the early 1900s
-By 1910, Eastern and Southern Europeans made up 70 percent of the immigrants entering the country.
-dropped in 1914 after the war
-Ellis Island
Battle of Wounded Knee
The battle between U.S. military troops and Lakota Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota on December 29, 1890, resulted in the deaths of perhaps 300 Sioux men, women, and children. The massacre at Wounded Knee was the last major battle of the Indian Wars of the late 19th century.
Ellis Island
-Built in 1892, the center handled some 12 million European immigrants, herding thousands of them a day through the barn-like structure during the peak years for screening
-New York
County-unit System
1912 – It gave each county or district a certain number of votes. The bigger the district, the more votes. This inaccurately stated what people wanted and gave rural areas MORE votes, which did not represent what most people would prefer. AGAINST urban counties
Grover Cleveland
22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes
Convict Lease System
allowed private companies to rent persons convicted of serious crimes
Progressive Movement
aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life
16th 17th 19th amend
World War 1
1914 – Started with assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Allies- US, GB, France, Russia , Italy
Central Powers – Germany , Hungary, Ottoman Empire
US joined when German U-boat sank Lusitania
When did the US join the WW1?
1917
WW1 – 1914 – 1918
-declared war against the german empire
US contributions to WW1
- they were an independent power and did not join the Allies
- Contributions such as raw material and money started in 1917
-Woodrow Wilson was president during the war
Treaty of Versailles
- signed 1919
-was one of the peace treaties at the end of WW1
-Ended the war between germany and the allied powers
Federal Reserve Act
Act of Congress that created and established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States, and granted it the legal authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (now commonly known as the U.S. Dollar) and Federal Reserve Bank Notes as legal tender.
1913
The Panama Canal
-opened 1914
-reduced travel time between the atlantic and pacific oceans
-during wilson presidency
Boll weevil
grayish weevil that lays its eggs in cotton bolls destroying the cotton
Booker T Washington
-African American Educator
-born into slavery and became a voice for former slaves
-Atlanta Compromise: Booker called for black progress through education rather than challenging jim crow laws.
Who was the keynote speaker at the 1895 Cotton Exposition?
A. W.E.B. Dubois
B. Booker T Washington
C. Tunis Campbell
D. Eli Whitney
B. Booker T Washington
Rather than advocate for equal political and social power, Washington urged blacks to make progress as agricultural and industrial laborers and, easing white fears about racial integration, argued that the races could be “as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”
“New South” Crusade
Sought to diversify the Georgia economy; eventually led to the industrialization of the state
Henry Grady
Rebecca Latimer Felton
A civic leader that supported women’s suffrage and temperance as well as strongly disagreed with the convict lease system. She was also the first woman to serve in the US Senate. Foremost feminist
Leo Frank
Jewish factory manager in Atlanta who was convicted of murdering a female employee. A mob lynched him in his jail cell
W.E.B. Du Bois
-First African American to earn a doctorate at harvard
-Co founder of NAACP( national association for the advancement of colored people) 1909
-opposed Atlanta compromise
Free silver (Populism)
-the use of both silver and gold as currency
-incorrect ratios that made the silver lose value
-inflation… but maybe not beneficial
- fourth coinage act of 1873 demonetized silver until the federal reserve act overhauled the U.S monetary system.
-supported by populist party
Jim Crow laws were:
A. declared from the beginning to be unconstitutional.
B. a method of imposing strict segregation in even the smallest aspects of society.
C. laws passed by supporters of African-American equality to insure their equal treatment in Southern states.
D. a series of acts passed by Congress to encourage the growth of agriculture in the South.
B. a method of imposing strict segregation in even the smallest aspects of society.
The most significant third political party of the late nineteenth century was the:
A. Whig Party.
B. Progressive Party.
C. Populist Party.
D. Mugwump Party.
C. Populist Party.
Prohibition
-nationwide constitutional ban on the sale, production, importation, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
-1920-1933
-led by social progressives
-18th Amendment
-ended by 21st amendment
-makes one of the last stages of the progressive eras
Herman Talmadge
GA governor; in reaction to Brown vs. BOE he declared that GA will ‘not tolerate the mixing of races in public schools or any other tax supported institutions.” Forcibly took over the Governor’s mansion until it was officially announced he had lost the election
Was prohibition a failure?
not completely. It cut alcohol consumption in half during the 20s
-possibly increased urban crime organizations
Volstead Act
-1919
- the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson’s veto.
The Red Scare
-promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism, used by anti-leftist proponents.
-First Red Scare was about worker (socialist) revolution and political radicalism. The Second Red Scare was focused on national and foreign communists influencing society, infiltrating the federal government, or both.
The New Deal
-Relief, Recovery, and Reform
-FDR
-Democrats had majority
-2 separate deals
-deal 1: tried to recover and protect against possible future crashed
-deal 2: labor unions, social security act
The Great Depression
-1929 – 1939
-The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%.
-heavy industry was hit hard
Eugene Talmadge
Father died before taking office
Herman Eugene Talmadge
. To date only Joe Brown and Eugene Talmadge have been elected FOUR times as Governor of Georgia.
How did Talmadge end the 1934 Textile Strike
He declared martial law, using the National Guard to break the 1934 textile strike in Georgia and incarcerate the strikers in a hastily constructed camp near Atlanta.
US Unemployment Rate during Great Depression
Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
Restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again.
Paid farmers to destroy surplus and limit production ; An unintended consequence of the policy, however, was to put farmers out of work, causing even greater numbers to seek other means of employment. 1933
World War 2
1939 – 1945
Allies – US, GB, France, Soviet Union
Axis – Germany Japan Italy
Germany Invaded Poland Japan Bombed Pearl Harbor
Ended with Hiroshima
Franklin D. Roosevelt
President of the US during Great Depression and World War II. Implemented New Deal.
Only president served 3 terms!
Un-American Activities Committee
House committee on international security looking for alleged disloyalty 1938. communist ties
Domino Theory
1950s to the 1980’s if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect.
Pearl Harbor
-1941
-strike against US by Imperial japanese navy
-Led the US into WW11
-declared a war crime
-voided roosevelt’s neutrality act
Victory Gardens
Victory gardens, also called war gardens or food gardens for defense, were vegetable, fruit, and herb gardens planted at private residences and public parks in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Germany during World War I and World War II.
-Used to reduce pressure on public food supply
Calvin Coolidge
-Vice President of Harding then finished his term when he died and was reelected as President in 1924
o Roaring 20s Herbert Hoover was his Sec. of State
o Tax cuts, farm subsidies
Scopes Trial
-1925
-Sub teacher was accused of violating tennessee’s Butler Act (Unlawful to teach human evolution)
The Harlem Renaissance was:
A. a new craze in urban planning inspired by the New York borough of the same name.
B. an African-American literary and artistic movement.
C. an architectural revival of Manhattan.
D. a school of urban landscape painting.
B. an African-American literary and artistic movement.
__ found themselves forced into internment camps in the western U.S. during
World War II.
A. Jewish-Americans
B. Japanese-Americans
C. African-Americans
D. German-Americans
B. Japanese-Americans
Cold War
political and military tension b/w Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact).
-1947-91
-No large scale fighting b/w sides
-proxy wars
Mutually Assured Destruction
The MAD doctrine assumes that each side has enough nuclear weaponry to destroy the other side and that either side, if attacked for any reason by the other, would retaliate without fail with equal or greater force.
Containment
- US policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism during the Cold War
-global effort
Georgia Flag
1956 confederate flag was incorporated into the Ga State flag
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
-Mutual defense between the states in the treaty (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States)
Baker v Carr
1962 set a precedent for federal court intervention in state legislative apportionment disputes and thus paved the way for the courts to invalidate the county-unit unit system.
Cuban Missile Crisis
-aka October crisis
-1962
-confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba.
-Khrushchev and Fidel Castro
-Kennedy and Khrushchev came to an agreement and the soviets dismantled.
-Moscow-Washington hotline was formed
Vietnam War
-b/w North vietnam (Supported by soviets and china) ans South vietnam (Supported by US and other anti-communist allies)
-1955-75
-U.S ended its involvement in the war in 1973
Tet Offensive
o Military campaign during the Vietnam War in 1968
o Series of surprise attacks by the Vietcong and N Vietnamese on US troops. US won but still caused physical and psychological destruction
o Vietnam war was mainly guerilla tactics
John F Kennedy (JFK)
The Cuban Missile Crisis, The Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the establishment of the Peace Corps, developments in the Space Race, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Civil Rights Movement, the “New Frontier” domestic program, abolition of the federal death penalty in the District of Columbia, and increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War all took place during his presidency.
-Assassinated 1963
Who assassinated John F Kennedy?
Lee Harvey Oswald
Brown V. Board of ed.
1954
-Was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.
Malcom X
AA muslim minister and human rights activist and was assassinated
Youth Movement
The youths didn’t agree with the US’s involvement in the Vietnam war so they began protesting in the 60s and 70s
-began on college campuses
Civil rights movement
-1960s
-Montgomery Bus boycotts
-Selma to montgomery marches
Martin Luther King
-American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.
- Nonviolent civil disobedience
- lead the bus boycott
-March on Washington (I have a dream)
Nobel Peace Prize 1964
Martin Luther King, Jr. first came to national prominence during:
A. the Greensboro Woolworth’s lunch counter sit-in.
B. Freedom Summer.
C. the 1961 Freedom Rides.
D. the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955.
D. the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955.
Civil rights act of 1964
banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment practices and ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace
Voting Rights Act of 1965
prohibits racial discrimination in voting.
- signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Johnson
-one term
-pres during ww2
New Deal efforts
-wanted to make the federal government more economically and socially responsible for its citizens
-Challenged racism and discrimination
19th Amendment
gives women suffrage / right to vote
National Organization of Women
-NOW
unsuccessfully campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the constitution
Roe v Wade
the case that legalized abortion nationwide
Richard Nixon
-Ended American Involvement in the war in vietnam
-established EPA
-President during apollo moon landing
What happened at Kent State University on May 4, 1970?
A. Rioting student protesters took control of the campus.
B. A bomb exploded in the science laboratory.
C. National guardsmen fired into a group of protesting students.
(protesting Nixon’s announcement ot invade Cambodia and the Vietnam War)
D. The members of a religious cult committed suicide.
C. National guardsmen fired into a group of protesting students.
(protesting Nixon’s announcement ot invade Cambodia and the Vietnam War)
Who was the President after Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford and then Jimmy Carter then Reagan
Camp David Accords
-twelve days of secret negotiations at camp david
-Egypt-Israel Peace treaty
Camp David Accords and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process. The Camp David Accords, signed by President Jimmy Carter, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in September 1978, established a framework for a historic peace treaty concluded between Israel and Egypt in March 1979.
Ronald Reagan
- lift government regulations, reduce taxes, and reduce domestic spending by drastically curtailing social welfare-supply side economics (reaganomics)
-End of cold war during his presidency
-Iraq-iran war
-Fall of berlin wall
Ronald Reagan was referring to _ when he spoke of the “Evil Empire”
Soviet Union
Iraqi Attack against Kuwait
-Iraqis believed that kuwait was stealing their petroleum
-Kuwait fell and became the 19th province of Iraq
-1990
Gulf War
-1990
-defense for Saudi Arabia in response to the invasion of kuwait
-George H W bush
Operation Desert Storm
international armed forces, including British and US troops, attacked Iraq in the Gulf War. It began on 16 January 1991 and lasted 100 days.
Which US Govenor was a strong advocate for having the Olympics in GA?
Zell B Miller ?
1996 Olympic Games
Put Georgia on a national stage, and made Atlanta a world known city
Which nation held fifty-eight hostages in their capital’s American Embassy in 1979 and 1980?
A. Iraq
B. The Soviet Union
C. Nicaragua
D. Iran
D. Iran
Jimmy Carter
39th President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow; former Georgia governor
WON NOBLE PEACE PRIZE
1977-1981
Why did the US boycott the 1980 Olympics?
to protest 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Reagan Revolution
-political realignment in the U.S. in favor of conservative domestic and foreign policies
Henry Ross Perot
-A US businessman best known for running for President of the US. He founded Electronic Data Systems and sold the company to General Motors and founded Perot Systems which was bought by Dell.
California 1990’s view on affirmative action
Disallowed state public institutions from discriminating on the basis of race, sex or ethnicity. That means the UC system can’t use an individual’s race as a factor when considering an application.
NAFTA
- an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America.
1993 signed by Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton 1993-2001
- signed the North American Free Trade Agreement
-Failed National health care reform
-CHIP
George H.W. Bush
President who broke their “no new taxes” promise and arrested Panamanian president
Student life at UGA during antebellum era
rowdy, crazy, violent
Writers from GA
Erskine Caldwell,
Margaret Mitchell
Flannery O’Connor
Frank Yerby
Lilian Smith
Anne River Siddons
God’s Little Acre
Tobacco Road
A novel from the 1930s by Erskine Caldwell, about a family of sharecroppers from Georgia and their many tragedies
Tobacco Road is set in rural Georgia during the worst years of the Great Depression. It depicts a family of poor white tenant farmers
Which of these writers is NOT from GA
A. Erskine Caldwell
B. Flannery O’Connor
C. Harriet Beecher Stowe
D. Margaret Mitchell
C. Harriet Beecher Stowe
Singers / Musicians from GA
-Ray Charles
-Little Richard
-James Brown
- Johnny Carson
- Bill Anderson
Ben Epps
Father of aviation in Georgia ( Epps bridge road / epps airport in athens)
Charles Lindenbergh
in 1923 flew his first solo flight at Southern Field in Americus
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Who invented yellow journalism
Joseph Pulitzer
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
what is DOMA?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
What was wrong with 2000 Election?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Who did Obama put on the Supreme Court?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
What is obama care?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
What is the homestead strike?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
What is isolationism?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Who is Wado Davis
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Who is George Green?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Who lead the 1st Red Scare
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Who lead the 2nd Red Scare
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Who coined the term New Freedom?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
What was the highest % unemployed during the great depression
25%
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Who is Andrew Carnegie?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Clinton was best known for what policies?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Mississippian Period
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Proclamation of 1863?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Civil Rights Act of 186?
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Which book’s scene was not set in GA?
Grapes of Wrath
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Student life at UGA during antebellum
rowdy, crazy, violent
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
trustees promised
50 acres , free passage, provisions for 1 yr
ACTUAL TEST QUESTION:
Trail of tears affected who most?
Cherokee