What is a broad definition of data?
Raw facts that are captured on printed or digital media
What are data?
Facts that are collected and stored in a database system
What is a determining characteristic of unstructured data?
It does not follow a data model.
Which is true about flat files?
They contain no internal hierarchical organization.
Which technology has no internal hierarchy?
Flat files
How were data retrieved before database management systems?
Sequentially from simple files
In which two ways does a database management system environment increase effectiveness in working with data?
- It enables data sharing,
- It permits storage of vast volumes of data.
What is the uniquely identifiable element about which data can be categorized in an entity-relationship diagram?
Entity types
Which classification is correct for the box marked “Quantity” in the given entity-relationship diagram?
Intersection data
Which data classification is an entity?
Event
A salesperson is authorized to sell 12 products; a product can be sold by 10 salespersons.
Which kind of binary relationship is described in this example?
Many-to-many
Which three kinds of rules for referential integrity are provided by modern relational database management systems?
Insert, Delete, Update
What is an important aspect of “referential integrity”?
Reference to data in one relation is based on values in another relation.
Sales data, detailing the customer names, products sold, and salespersons, is kept in a database.
Which kind of data in this database would qualify as intersection data related to both the product and salesperson entities?
Customer names
What is an attribute or group of attributes that uniquely identify a tuple in a relation?
Primary key
What is necessary for a primary key in one relation of a database to match with its corresponding foreign key in another relation of the same database?
A domain of values
What uniquely identifies each entity in a collection of entities but is not the primary key?
The alternate key
What is a term for a set of columns in a table that can uniquely identify any record in that table without referring to other data?
Candidate key
What happens to the original data in database indexing?
It is copied to the index.
Why are indexes created in a physical database design?
To retrieve data directly using a pointer.
Why is an index created on a database column?
To optimize data retrievals
Refer to the given SQL statement.
SELECT SPNUM, SPNAME
FROM SALESPERSON
What is the correct line to add to the end of this statement to find salespersons with a commission percentage of 15?
WHERE COMMPERCT=15;
Refer to the given SQL statement.
SELECT COMMPERCT, YEARHIRE
FROM SALESPERSON
WHERE SPNUM=22;
How should this statement be altered to retrieve the entire record instead of the commission percentage and year of hire?
Replace COMMPERCT, YEARHIRE with an asterisk
A manager asks an employee to list attributes of the customers that are headquartered in Los Angeles and that have a customer number higher than 1000. Refer to the given SQL statement prepared by this employee.
SELECT CUSTNUM, CUSTNAME, HQCITY
FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE HQCITY=’Los Angeles’
Which line should go at the end of this statement?
AND CUSTNUM>1000;
What is a key difference between the DISTINCT and ORDER BY statements, in SQL SELECT commands?
ORDER BY modifies the presentation of data results and DISTINCT filters data results.
Which SQL statement alphabetizes customer names within the same satellite-office city? ORDER or ALPHA?
ORDER BY SATCITY, CUSTNAME;
The given SQL statement is intended to list the names of the products of which salesperson Fox has sold more than 500 units.
SELECT PRODNAME
FROM SALESPERSON, SALES, PRODUCT
?
?
AND SPNAME=’Fox’
AND QUANTITY>500;
Which set of lines should replace the question marks to make this statement work?
WHERE SALESPERSON.SPNUM=SALES.SPNUM AND SALES.PRODNUM=PRODUCT.PRODNUM
The given SQL statement is intended to query how many books there are with at least 800 pages from publishers in Los Angeles, United States.
SELECT COUNT(*)
?
WHERE PUBLISHER.PUBNAME=BOOK.PUBNAME
AND CITY=’Los Angeles’
AND COUNTRY=’United States’
AND PAGES>=800;
With which line should the question mark in this statement be replaced?
FROM PUBLISHER, BOOK
Which SQL statement will retrieve rows for all stores in Atlanta or Los Angeles or New York?
SELECT StoreID, City FROM Suppliers
WHERE City IN (‘Atlanta’, ‘Los Angeles’, ‘New York’);
Refer to the given SQL statement to answer the following question:
SELECT *
FROM PRODUCT;
What would this SQL statement accomplish?
List all entries in the PRODUCT table.
What is a methodology for organizing attributes into tables?
Data normalization
What is the term for the value of one particular attribute associated with a specific single value of another attribute?
Functional dependency
Which set of results should a company expect from implementing a business intelligence system?
Increased profitability and increased throughput
Which issue is focused on the loading component of extract, transform, load (ETL)?
Monitor refreshing volume and frequency
During which step in the extract, transform, load (ETL) process are raw data sets aggregated?
Transformation
How is prediction distinguished from estimation in data mining?
Prediction classifies objects according to an expected future behavior.
Where does affinity grouping occur in data mining?
Between objects
Which item represents unstructured data? A. Video training content. B. SQL tables of training instructors. C.Relational db for training tracking. D. Training db backup
A. Training Video Content
What is the entity-relationship diagram about a car rental agency showing?
One manufacturer created at least one of the agency’s cars
Image shows Salesperson (with 1 bar) to Customers (with 1 bar).
How is the cardinality of the customers misrepresented?
There are many customers, but the cardinality indicates one customer.
Image shows Salesperson (with 2 bars) to Customer (with open circle and Crow’s Feet). What is the correct way to read the modality on the right side of the association?
A minimum of zero customers
Project Code Employee No. Employee Name Department No. Department Name Hourly Rate
PC010 S10001 A. Smith L004 IT 22.00
PC010 S10030 L. Jones L023 Pensions 18.50
PC010 S21010 P. Lewis L004 IT 21.00
PC045 S10010 B. Jones L004 IT 21.75
PC045 S10001 A. Smith L004 IT 18.00
PC045 S31002 T. Gilbert L028 Database 25.50
PC045 S13210 W. Richards L008 Salary 17.00
PC064 S31002 T. Gilbert L028 Database 23.25
PC064 S21010 P. Lewis L004 IT 17.50
PC064 S10034 B. James L009 HR 16.50
In which state are the attributes shown?
First normal form
Students
IDSt LastName IDProf Prof Grade
1 Mueller 3 Schmid 5
2 Meier 2 Borner 4
3 Tobler 1 Bernasconi 6
Which factor determines whether the table is in first normal form?
The attributes are all single valued.
ID Contract Code
1 Vinod 091
2 Rajiv 091
Code City Country
091 Bangalore India
The primary key in the first table is ID, and the primary key in the second is Code.
How advanced are the two tables in the normalization process?
Third normal form
Which characteristic points to the tables being in third normal form?
The tables are completely free of data redundancy.
A product-marketing company publishes an Internet-based newsletter about their new products to increase their customer base.
What is an advantage that this company will gain from investing in a relational database management system that will store customer information?
Improved query response times
One Customer (with Crows Feet) to One Product (with Crow’s Feet)
Many customers to many products
Image shows Sales (with Crow’s Feet and 1 bar) to Product (with 2 bars). What is the modality of the product?
At least one
Image shows 1 Salesperson box, One Salesperson (2 bars) to One Salesperson (2 bars). What kind of relationship does it depict?
Unary one-to-one
Image shows Product (2 bars) solid line to (1 bar + Crow’s Feet) Component (1 bar + Crow’s Feet) solid line back to Product (2 bars)
Unary many-to-many
ad hoc query
A “spur-of -the-moment” question.
analytical database
A database focused primarily on storing historical data and business metrics used for tactical or strategic decision making.
availability
In the context of data security, it refers to the accessibility of data whenever required by authorized users and for authorized purposes.
centralized database
A database located at a single site.
cloud database
A database that is created and maintained using cloud services, such as Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS.
data
Raw facts, or facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user.
data anomaly
A data abnormality in which inconsistent changes have been made to a database. For example, an employee moves, but the address change is not corrected in all files in the database.
data dependence
A data condition in which data representation and manipulation are dependent on the physical data storage characteristics.
data dictionary
A DBMS component that stores metadata – data about data. Thus, the data dictionary contains the data definition as well as their characteristics and relationships. A data dictionary may also include data that are external to the DMBS. Also known as an information resource dictionary. See also active data dictionary, metadata, and passive data dictionary.
data inconsistency
A condition in which different versions of the same data yield different (inconsistent) results.
data independence
A condition in which data access is unaffected by changes in the physical data storage characteristics.
data integrity
In a relationship database, a condition in which the data in the database complies with all entity and referential integrity constraints.
data management
A process that focuses on data collection, storage, and retrieval. Common data management functions include addition, deletion, modification, and listing.
data processing (DP) specialist
The person responsible for developing and managing a computerized file processing system.
data redundancy
Exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places.
database
A shared, integrated computer structure that houses a collection of related data. A database contains two types of data: end-user data (raw facts) and metadata.
database design
The process that yields the description of the database structure and determines the database components. The second phase of the Database Life Cycle.
database management system (DBMS)
The collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.
database system
An organization of components that defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, and use of data in a database environment.
desktop database
A single-user database that runs on a personal computer.
discipline-specific databases
A database that contains data focused on specific subject areas.
enterprise database
The overall company data representation, which provides support for present and expected future needs.
field
An alphabetic or numeric character or group of characters that defines a characteristic of a person, place, or thing. For example, a person’s Social Security number, address, phone number, and bank balance all constitute fields.
file
A named collection of related records.
general-purpose databases
A database that contains a wide variety of data used in multiple disciplines.
hub
A warehouse of data packets housed in a central location on a local area network. It contains multiple ports that copy the data in the data packets to make it accessible to selected or all segments of the network.
information
The result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. Information consists of transformed data and facilitates decision making.
islands of information
In the old file system environment, pools of independent, often duplicated, and inconsistent data created and managed by different departments.
knowledge
The body of information and facts about a specific subject. Knowledge implies familiarity, awareness, and understanding of information as it applies to an environment. A key characteristic is that new knowledge can be derived from old knowledge.
logical data format
The way a person views data within the context of a problem domain.
metadata
Data about data; that is, data about data characteristics and relationships. See also data dictionary.
multiuser database
A database that supports multiple concurrent users.
NoSQL
A new generation of database management systems that is not based on the traditional relational database model.
online analytical processing (OLAP)
Decision support system (DSS) tools that use multidimensional data analysis techniques. OLAP creates an advanced data analysis environment that supports decision making, business modeling, and operations research.
online transaction processing (OLTP) database
A database designed primarily to support a company’s day-to-day operations. Also known as a operational database, transactional database, or production database.
operational database
A database designed primarily to support a company’s day-to-day operations. Also known as a transactional database, OLTP database, or production database.
performance tuning
Activities that make a database perform more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.
physical data format
The way a computer “sees” (stores) data.
production database
A database designed primarily to support a company’s day-to-day operations. Also known as a operational database, transactional database, or OLTP database.
query
A question or task asked by an end user of a database in the form of SQL code. A specific request for data manipulation issued by the end user or the application to the DBMS.
query language
A nonprocedural language that is used by a DBMS to manipulate its data. An example of a query language is SQL.
query result set
The collection of data rows returned by a query.
record
A collection of related (logically connected) fields.
role
In Oracle, a named collection of database access privileges that authorize a user to connect to a database and use its system resources.
router
(1) An intelligent device used to connect dissimilar networks.
(2) Hardware/software equipment that connects multiple and diverse networks.
semistructured data
Data that has already been processed to some extent.
single-user database
A database that supports only one user at a time.
social media
Web and mobile technologies that enable “anywhere, anytime, always on” human interactions.
structural dependence
A data characteristic in which a change in the database schema affects data access, thus requiring changes in all access programs.
structural independence
A data characteristic in which changes in the database schema do not affect data access.
structured data
Data that has been formatted to facilitate storage, use, and information generation.
Structured Query Language (SQL)
A powerful and flexible relational database language composed of commands that enable users to create database and table structures, perform various types of data manipulation and data administration, and query the database to extract useful information.
transactional database
A database designed primarily to support a company’s day-to-day operations. Also known as a operational database, OLTP database, or production database.
unstructured data
Data that exists in its original, raw state; that is, in the format in which it was collected.
website
Refers to the Web server and the collection of Web pages stored on the local hard disk of the server computer.
workgroup database
A multiuser database that usually supports fewer than 50 users or is used for a specific department in an organization.
World Wide Web (WWW or the web)
Worldwide network collection of specially formatted and interconnected documents known as Web pages. Also called the Web.
XML database
A database system that stores and manages semistructured XML data.