When the ventricular walls contract
the mitral and tricuspid valves close
What valve is indicated in the figure?
pulmonary valve
A cold, pale foot could be a sign of a blockage of blood flow in the __ artery.
popliteal
What valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
The right atrium receives blood directly from
the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
Swelling of the hand could be caused by a thrombosis (blood clot) in the __ vein.
brachial
What structure is also known as the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
When the atria contract during a cardiac cycle, the ventricles are _. When the ventricles contract, the atria are _.
relaxing; relaxing
Mr. Smith is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When he asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in __.
the inner lining of the heart
T/F: if all nerves from the central nervous system to the heart were severed, the heart would stop beating.
false
What chamber of the heart is indicated in the figure?
left ventricle
What is the function of chordae tendineae?
prevent the cusps of the AV valves from moving up into the atria
When the first heart sound is heard, what is occurring with the heart valves?
the AV valves are closing
What formula best describes the relationship of the factors that determine blood pressure?
blood pressure = cardiac output x peripheral resistance
What wave in an ECG tracing depicts ventricular repolarization?
T wave
If it was taking longer for an electrical impulse to get through the AV node, what would the ECG look like?
time between the P wave and QRS complex would be lengthened
An abnormally slow heart rate is termed
bradycardia
What is a mass of cells that act as a unit in the heart called?
functional syncytium
The inner lining of the heart is the
endocardium
A rise in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors would result in a(n) _ in heart rate due to _ stimulation.
decrease; parasympathetic
Circulation is vital because it
supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues
What internal structure of the heart is indicated in the figure?
papillary muscles
A myocardial infarction of the right ventricle could be caused by a blockage in the __.
posterior interventricular artery
The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers
The left ventricle pushes blood into what vessel(s)?
aorta
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
1) To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body.
2) To protect the body from infection and blood loss.
3) To help the body maintain a constant body temperature.
4) To help maintain fluid balance within the body.
Where is the heart found?
Mediastinum, between the lungs in the thoracic cavity.
Describe the layers of the heart and pericardium.
Epicardium: The outermost layer of the heart wall and is just another name for the visceral layer of the pericardium.
Myocardium: The muscular middle layer of the heart wall that contains the cardiac muscle tissue.
Endocardium: Simple squamous endothelium layer that lines the inside of the heart.
Describe the pathway of blood into, through, and out of the heart.
Arteries: Carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart.
Arterioles: Receive blood from the arteries, and carry it to the capillaries.
Capillaries: Sites of exchange of substances between the blood and the body cells.
Venules: Receive blood from the capillaries, and conduct it to veins.
Veins: Receive blood from venules, and carry it back to the atria of the heart.
Describe the pathway of the cardiac conduction system.
Heartbeat is coordinated by this. Composed of an internal pacemaker and nerve-like conduction pathways through the myocardium. It generates and conducts rhythmic electrical signals in Sinoatrial node (SA), Atrio-ventricular node (AV), the bundle, the left and right bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibres.
Describe an EKG. What is occurring within the heart during each part of the EKG?
A test that measures the electrical signals that control heart rhythm.
With each beat, an electrical impulse (or “wave”) travels through the heart. This wave causes the muscle to squeeze and pump blood from the heart.
Describe what is happening in the heart during atrial systole/ventricular diastole and atrial diastole/ventricular systole.
Heart actions are regulated so that atria contract (atrial systole) while ventricles relax (ventricular diastole); then ventricles contract (ventricular systole) while atria relax (atrial diastole).
How are heart sounds made?
Sounds are due to closing of heart valves, and vibrations associated with a sudden slowing of blood flow during contraction/relaxation of chambers.
What terms are used to describe abnormal heart rhythms?
Murmur-Abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of a valve.
What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure?
Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, hormonal changes coming from glands, blood volume and blood viscosity.
How is cardiac output figured?
Stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate, expressed in bpm. (For example, if the stroke volume is 70 mL, and the heart rate is 72 bpm, the cardiac output is 5,040 mL per minute.
Where can pulse be found in the body?
The temple (temporal a.), neck (carotid a.), chin (facial a.), inner elbow (brachial a.), wrist (radial a.), groin (femoral a.), back of the knee (popliteal a.), front of the foot (dorsalis pedis a.), back of the ankle (posterior tibial a.)
At any given moment, where can blood be found in the body?
The veins
Identify the major arteries/veins of the body and the body regions they supply/drain.
Coronary arteries – Blood vessels that supply blood carrying oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium of the heart.
Pulmonary vein – The vein that carries blood from the lungs to the heart. It is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood.
Hepatic vein – The vein that carries blood away (drains) from the liver.
Carotid artery – The blood to the common carotid artery supplies blood to the head and face.
Pulmonary artery – The blood vessel that carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. It is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood.
Inferior vena cava – Carries (drain) blood from the lower limbs of the body and empties in the right atrium.
Vertebral artery – Supplies blood to the spinal column and brain.
Great Saphenous vein – The longest vein in the body. Sometimes used in bypass surgery.
Superior vena cava – Carries (drain) blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs and empties in the right atrium.