While taking a client’s history, the practical nurse (PN) discovers that the client, who takes Coumadin daily, has added a ginger supplement on the advice of a friend. What comment is critical for the PN to provide to this client?
“Your health care provider is interested in all medications and herbs you take.”
A client with diabetes mellitus takes insulin daily and is prescribed propranolol (Inderal). Which information should the nurse provide to this client?
A sign of hypoglycemia is that propranolol slows a rapid heart rate.
A client has a positive skin test for tuberculosis. What prophylactic drug should the practical nurse (PN) expect to be prescribed for this client?
Isoniazid (INH)
Amitriptyline hydrochloride (Elavil) is prescribed for an adult female client who is clinically depressed. Five days after beginning the drug, the client is admitted to the hospital because of suicide ideation. She tells the practical nurse (PN) that the drug is not working because she is not feeling any better. Which explanation should the PN provide?
“It takes 2 to 4 weeks for antidepressant medications to become effective.”
In planning care for a client diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia, which intervention should the practical nurse implement?
Obtain the sputum specimen before administering prescribed antibiotics.
Phenytoin (Dilantin) is prescribed for a client who has a seizure disorder. Which statement by the client indicates to the practical nurse that the instruction about this drug has been effective?
“I know that I should never stop taking this medication abruptly.”
The practical nurse (PN) is obtaining the medical history of a female client starting a new prescription for conjugated estrogens (Premarin) 0.625 mg PO daily. Before taking the first dose of the medication, which information is most important for the PN to obtain from the client?
Cigarette smoking history
A mother brings her 3-month-old infant to the well-baby clinic because the baby has developed oral thrush. Which pharmacological agent should the practical nurse (PN) expect to be prescribed for the thrush?
Nystatin (Mycostatin)
The H2 receptor blocker famotidine (Pepcid) is prescribed for a client who has been taking antacids for chronic gastritis. Which client statement indicates to the practical nurse (PN) that teaching was effective regarding concurrent use of these medications?
“I will take the antacid after meals and the Pepcid at bedtime.”
A mother brings her 18-month-old child to the clinic because the child has had “bad diarrhea” for the last 3 days. She states, “I bought some of this liquid at the pharmacy and gave my daughter a half-ounce.” The practical nurse (PN) sees that the bottle contains loperamide (Imodium AD). What intervention is most important for the PN to implement initially?
Ask the mother when the child last voided.
A client who received a prescription for cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion (Restasis) for dry eyes asks the practical nurse (PN) if it is safe to continue using artificial tears. What information should the PN provide?
Allow a 15-minute interval between the administration of Restasis and artificial tears.
The health care provider prescribes morphine sulfate grain 1/8 IM stat. Morphine is available in 8 mg/mL. How many milliliters should the practical nurse (PN) administer?
1 mL
A 74-year-old female client asks the practical nurse (PN) if she should get a flu shot. Which response should the PN provide?
“Yes. Normal aging decreases your immunity, making you more susceptible to contagious diseases such as the flu.”
A 78-year-old client with congestive heart failure (CHF) receives the cardiac glycoside digoxin (Lanoxin) 0.25 mg PO daily. Which observation by the nurse indicates that the medication has been effective?
Clear breath sounds bilaterally.
The healthcare provider orders 1000 mL of 0.5% normal saline to run over 8 hours. The drop factor is 15 gtt/mL. The nurse plans to adjust the flow rate to how many gtt/min? (Round to the nearest whole number.)
31
A client asks the practical nurse (PN) if glipizide (Glucotrol) is an oral insulin. What answer should the PN provide?
“No, it is not an oral insulin and can be used only when some beta cell function is present.”
A female client who started taking an oral sulfonamide for a urinary tract infection the previous day reports to the nurse that the medication is causing slight anorexia. She also states that she continues to experience urinary frequency, so she takes the medication with a small sip of cranberry juice and limits her fluid intake. What information should the practical nurse provide
Drink a full glass of water with the medication and drink additional fluids throughout the day
A health care provider prescribes cefadroxil (Duricef) for a client with a postoperative infection. It is most important for the practical nurse (PN) to consider that a cross allergy is possible with what drug allergy?
Penicillins
A client is receiving the antipsychotic medication haloperidol (Haldol). In evaluating the effectiveness of this medication, which action provides the practical nurse with the most reliable information?
Observe the client for changes in behavior weekly.
A client is receiving benztropine (Cogentin) and olanzapine (Seroquel) to control psychotic behavior. When reinforcing teaching to the client and/or significant others about these medications, what should the practical nurse (PN) explain about the use of benztropine (Cogentin)?
The benztropine (Cogentin) is used to control extrapyramidal symptoms.
Which question should the practical nurse (PN) ask an older client before beginning treatment with gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin)?
Are you hard of hearing?”
Oral metronidazole (Flagyl) is prescribed for a client diagnosed with vaginal trichomoniasis, a protozoan infection. What precautions should the practical nurse (PN) instruct the client to follow while taking this medication?
Avoid ingesting any alcoholic (ethanol) beverage.
Which finding indicates that the desired effect of phenazopyridine (Pyridium), used in the management of urinary tract infections (UTIs), has been achieved?
Client denies pain when voiding.
The practical nurse (PN) is evaluating a client in the immediate postoperative period who is receiving morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. What finding should the PN consider the highest priority in this client?
The rate and depth of the client’s respirations
The nurse prepares to administer ophthalmic drops to a client before cataract surgery. List the steps in the order they should be implemented from first step to final step.
Wash hands and apply clean gloves.
Place the dominant hand on the client’s forehead.
Drop prescribed number of drops into the conjunctival sac.
Ask the client to close the eye gently.
Which change in data indicates to the practical nurse (PN) that the desired effect of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan (Cozaar) is achieved?
Blood pressure reduced from 160/90 to 130/80 mmm Hg
A client with angina pectoris is instructed to take sublingual nitroglycerin tablets PRN for chest pain. Which information should the practical nurse (PN) reinforce with this client?
Take one tablet at the onset of angina and stop activity.
A 6-month-old infant with congestive heart failure (CHF) is receiving digoxin elixir. Which observation by the practical nurse (PN) warrants immediate intervention?
Apical heart rate of 60 beats/min
A 12-year-old boy is admitted from the emergency room with status epilepticus. His parents report that his seizure disorder has been managed with phenytoin (Dilantin) 50 mg PO bid for the past year. What drug should the practical nurse (PN) expect to be prescribed for administration in the event of another series of seizures?
Diazepam (Valium)
A nurse who is working in a men’s health clinic is reviewing the medical records of several clients who have received prescriptions for sildenafil (Viagra). Which client history data should alert the nurse that close monitoring for adverse effects of Viagra is necessary
Duodenal ulcer prophylaxis with cimetidine (Tagamet)
A 78-year-old client with congestive heart failure is taking furosemide (Lasix) 40 mg PO twice daily. The nurse plans to monitor this client for development of which complication? Select all that apply.
Muscle cramps
Hypertension
Lethagy
Oliguria
A client is prescribed a peak and trough level test for the antibiotic vancomycin (Vancocin). What time should the specimen be collected to obtain the trough serum drug concentration?
Immediately before the next antibiotic dose is given
A client diagnosed with essential hypertension asks the practical nurse (PN), “What type of decongestant should I take for this cold?” Which response is best for the PN to provide?
“Contact your health care provider before taking anything.”
The nurse reviews medications at discharge with a client who suffers from severe anxiety disorder. Which statement made by the client indicates an understanding of the medication phenobarbital (Luminal)?
“I will take it at 8 PM every evening.”
A 75-year-old male client taking hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is admitted to the hospital having “palpitations” and “skipped heart beats.” What is the most likely cause of these symptoms given the client’s medication history?
Hypokalemia
A 67-year-old client is discharged from the hospital with a prescription for digoxin (Lanoxin) 0.25 mg daily. Which instruction should the practical nurse (PN) reinforce?
Do not take the medication if the heart beat is irregular or slow.
The practical nurse (PN) is preparing to administer dalteparin (Fragmin) subcutaneously to an immobile client who has been receiving the medication for 5 days. Which finding indicates that the PN should hold the prescribed dose?
Guaiac-positive stool
A 59-year-old client with heart failure is taking furosemide (Lasix) 40 mg twice daily. The practical nurse (PN) plans to monitor this client for development of which complication?
Hypokalemia
Alteration of which laboratory finding represents achievement of a therapeutic goal for heparin administration?
Partial thromboplastin time
Which instruction should the practical nurse (PN) reinforce when teaching a client who is receiving phenytoin (Dilantin) for seizure control?
Brush and floss teeth daily.
The practical nurse (PN) gives a client NPH insulin 15 units subcutaneously before breakfast (7:30 AM). At what time should the PN be particularly alert for signs or symptoms of a potential hypoglycemic reaction?
3:30 to 7:30 PM
A healthy 58-year-old client asks the practical nurse (PN) about taking the pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax). Which statement should the PN offer to the client that provides the most accurate information about this vaccine?
The immunization is administered once to older adults or persons with a history of chronic illness.
The practical nurse (PN) administers two newly prescribed medications, isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil), a nitrate, and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), a diuretic, to a client. Which follow-up observation is most important for the PN to perform?
Monitor the client’s blood pressure.
Which outcome would indicate that the drug lactulose (Cephulac) has had a therapeutic effect?
Two or three soft stools per day
A 43-year-old female client is receiving thyroid replacement hormone following a thyroidectomy. What adverse effects associated with thyroid hormone toxicity should the practical nurse (PN) reiterate to the client to report promptly to the health care provider?
Tachycardia and chest pain
A client is receiving ampicillin sodium (Omnipen) for a sinus infection. The practical nurse (PN) should reinforce that the client notify the health care provider immediately if which symptom occurs?
Rash
Before administering an antiinfective agent to a client with a urinary tract infection, which nursing intervention is most important?
Obtain a clean-catch urine specimen.
A client who is receiving chemotherapy asks the practical nurse (PN), “Why is so much of my hair falling out each day?” Which response by the PN best explains the reason for alopecia?
Chemotherapy affects the cells of the body that grow rapidly, both normal and malignant.”
A male client who is being discharged to his home accompanied by his wife asks the practical nurse (PN) to give him a dose of hydrocodone (Vicodin) before he leaves the hospital. How should the PN respond to this client’s request?
Ask him to describe the location and severity of the pain and to rate it on a scale from 1 to 10.
A client is receiving clonidine (Catapres) 0.1 mg/24 hour via transdermal patch. Which assessment finding indicates that the desired effect of the medication is achieved?
Blood pressure change from 180/120 to 140/70 mm Hg
A client who has a dry, nonproductive cough and congested nasal passages reports that he usually drinks two or three beers nightly. The health care provider recommends the over-the-counter (OTC) expectorant guaifenesin (Robitussin). Which information should the practical nurse provide to this client?
Notify the health care provider if the cough lasts more than 7 days.
When caring for a client on digoxin (Lanoxin) therapy, the practical nurse (PN) should be alert for digoxin (Lanoxin) toxicity. Which finding is likely to predispose this client to developing digoxin toxicity?
Hypokalemia—low serum potassium level
The practical nurse (PN) is implementing the plan of care for a client receiving the glucocorticoid methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol). Which nursing diagnosis is related to this medication
Risk for infection
Which assessment finding requires nursing intervention before the administration of a prescribed dose of digoxin (Lanoxin) to an adult?
Apical pulse rate of 50 beats/min
The health care provider prescribes the anticonvulsant carbamazepine (Tegretol) for an adolescent client with a seizure disorder. The nurse should instruct the client to notify the health care provider if which condition occurs?
Develops a sore throat
When reinforcing teaching about childhood safety precautions to parents, the practical nurse (PN) should know that inducing vomiting is recommended for which child who may have ingested a possible poison?
16-month-old who drank 2 ounces of acetaminophen (Tylenol) elixir
The health care provider has prescribed the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin (Lovenox), 30 mg IVP bid for a client following hip replacement. Before administering the first dose, which intervention is most important for the practical nurse (PN) to implement?
Clarify the prescription with the RN and health care provider.
Which outcome(s) should the practical nurse (PN) expect a client to have who is receiving pregabalin (Lyrica)? (Select all that apply.)
A decrease in joint pain resulting from osteoarthritis
Improved range of motion during physical therapy exercises
The nitrate isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) has been prescribed for a client with angina. Which instruction should the practical nurse (PN) reinforce in this client’s teaching?
“Do not get up quickly. Always rise slowly.”
Benztropine mesylate (Cogentin) and carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet) are prescribed for a client with Parkinson’s disease. After a few days of therapy, the client complains of a “dry mouth” and “dizziness.” What response by the nurse would be most appropriate?
“Chew gum to relieve the dry mouth and move slowly when assuming a standing position to reduce the dizziness.”
A client is receiving methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) 40 mg IV daily. The practical nurse (PN) anticipates an increase in which laboratory value as the result of this medication?
Serum glucose
A male client with diverticulitis requests medication for severe pain, but when the practical nurse (PN) arrives in his room to administer a narcotic analgesic, the client is talking and laughing with his visiting family. Which action should the PN implement?
Administer analgesia indicated by the reported pain level.
An antacid (Maalox) is prescribed for a client with peptic ulcer disease. What is the therapeutic action of this medication that is effective in treating the client’s ulcer?
Maintenance of a gastric pH of 3.5 or above
A client with Parkinson’s disease is taking carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet). Which observation by the nurse would indicate that the desired outcome of the medication is being achieved?
Lessening of tremors
The health care provider prescribes carbamazepine (Tegretol) for a child whose tonic-clonic seizures have been poorly controlled. The nurse informs the mother that the child must have blood tests every week. The mother asks why so many blood tests are necessary. What complication is assessed through frequent laboratory testing, which the nurse should explain to this mother?
Myelosuppression
Which outcome would the nurse expect a client to have who is receiving cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)?
Improved range of motion during physical therapy exercises
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) is commonly prescribed for clients with urinary tract infections. What statement should the nurse include when teaching clients about the administration of phenazopyridine (Pyridium)?
Take this medication with food to decrease gastric irritation.
A client receiving ephedrine (Ephedrine) nose drops PRN complains of wakefulness. What action should the nurse take to minimize the client’s insomnia?
Administer the dose a few hours before bedtime.
The nurse is caring for a client who was newly prescribed NovoLog (Aspart) 7 units subcutaneously prior to each meal. Which nursing intervention has the highest priority when planning this client’s care?
Administer Novolog (Aspart) 15 minutes prior to the meal
Daily doses of calcium citrate malate (Calcium) and vitamin D are prescribed for a 70-year-old female client. Which instruction should the nurse provide to this client regarding taking the prescribed medications?
Divide the medication over the course of the day and take it in small doses 1 hour after meals and at bedtime.
An 83-year-old female client is recovering from a myocardial infarction. The cardiologist prescribes docusate sodium and casanthranol (Peri-Colace) one tablet PO bid. What therapeutic effect does this medication provide for this client?
Maintaining soft stools to prevent straining on defecation
A client has been diagnosed with open-angle glaucoma. The health care provider prescribes pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine) eye drops. What action of this drug makes it a useful treatment for the client’s condition?
The outflow of aqueous humor in the eyes is increased.
Which assessment finding indicates that the expected outcome of administering donepezil (Aricept) to a client with Alzheimer’s disease has been accomplished?
Increased ability to solve simple problems
A client with type 2 diabetes mellitus takes metformin (Glucophage) daily. The client is scheduled for major surgery requiring general anesthesia the next day. The practical nurse (PN) knows that the client’s diabetes should be managed by which approach while the client is NPO during the perioperative period?
Regular insulin subcutaneously per sliding scale
A first-day postoperative client vomits 30 minutes after receiving an IV dose of hydromorphone (Dilaudid). What initial intervention is best for the practical nurse (PN) to implement?
Administer a PRN dose of ondansetron (Zofran) IV.
Following the administration of sublingual nitroglycerin to a client experiencing an acute anginal attack, which assessment finding indicates to the nurse that the desired effect has been achieved?
A. Client states chest pain is relieved
B. Client’s pulse decreases from 120 to 90
C. Client’s systolic blood pressure decreases from 180 to 90
D. Clients SaO2 level increases from 92% to 96%
A. nitroglycerin reduces mycocardial oxygen consumption which decreases ischemia and reduces chest pain
A client with hyperlipidemia recieves a prescription for niacin (niaspan). which client teaching is most important for the nurse to provide
a. expected duration of flushing
b. symptoms of hyperglycemia
c. diets that minimize gi irritation
d. comfort measure for pruritis
A. flushing of the face and neck, lasting up to an hour, is a frequent reason for discontinuing niacin. inclusion of this effect in clietn teaching may promote compliance in taking the med.
When assessing an adolescent who recently overdosed on acetaminophen (tylonel), it is most important for the nurse to assess for pain in which area of the body
a. flank
b. abdomen
c. chest
d. head
B. acetaminophen toxicisty an result in liver damage; therefore, it is especially important for the nurse to assess for pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen (which might indicated liver damage)
A client is admitted to the coronary care unit with a medical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. which medication prescription decreases both preload and afterload
a. nitroglycerin
b. propranolol
c. propranolol
d. captopril
A. nitroglycerin is a nitrate that causes peripheral vasodilation and decreases contractility, thereby decreasing both preload and afterload
A client is being treated for hyperthyroidism with propylthiouracil (PTU). The nurse knows that the action of this drug is to
A. decrease the amount of the thyroid-stimulating hormone circulating in the blood
B. increase the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone circulating in the blood
C. increase the amount of T4 and decrease the amount of T3 produced by the thyroid
D. inhibit synthesis of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland
D. PTU is an adjunct therapy used to control hyperthyroidism by inhibiting production of thyroid hormones. It is often prescribed in prep for thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine therapy
Which change in data indicates to the nurse the desired effect of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist has been achieved
A. Dependent edema reduced form +3 to +1
B. Serum HDL increased from 35 to 55mg/dl
C. PUlse rate reduced from 150 to 90 beats/min
D. Blood pressure reducedf rom 160/90 to 130.80
D. angiotensin II receptor antagonist (blocker), prescribed from treatment of HTN. The desired effect is a decrease in blood pressure.
Which instructions should the nurse give to a female client who just recieved a prescription for oral metronidazole (flagyl) for treatment of trichomonas vaginalis (select all that apply)
A. increase fluid intake, especially cranberry juice
B. Do not abruptly discontinue the medication; taper use
C. Check blood pressure daily to detect hypertension
D. Avoid drinking alcohol while taking this medication
E. Use condoms until treatment is completed
F. Ensure that all sexual partners are treated at the same time
ADEF
The nurse is transcribing a new prescription for spironolactone (aldactone) for a client who receives an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Which action should the nurse implement
A. verify both prescriptions with the HCP
B. report the med interactions to the nurse manager
C. hold the ACE inhibitor and give the new prescription
D. Transcribe and send the prescription to the pharmacy
A. the concomitant use of an ACE inhibitor and a potassium-sparing diuretic sucha s spironolactone, should be given with caution b/c the two drugs may interact to cause an elevation in serum potassium levels.
A client has myxedema, which results from a deficiency of thyroid hormone synthesis in adults. The nurse knows that which medication should be contraindicated for this client?
A. liothyronine (cytomel) to replace iodine
B. Furosemide (Lasix) for relief of fluid retention
C. Pentobarbital sodium for sleep
D. nitroglycerin for angina pain
C. persons with myxedema are dangerously hypersensitive to narcotics, barbiturates, and anesthetics. They do not tolerate liothyronine and usually receive iodine replacement therapy. These clients are also suceptable to heart problems such as angina for which nitroglycerine would be indicated and and congestive heart failure for which furosemide would be indicated
A client has a continuous IV infusion of dopamine and an IV of normal saline at 50ml/hour. The nurse noes that the client’s urinary output has been 20ml/hour for the last two hours. Which intervention should the nurse initiate?
A. stop the infusion of dopamine
B. change the normal saline to a keep open rate
C. replace the urinary catheter
D. notify the healthcare provider of the urinary output.
D.
A healthcare provider prescrives cephalexin monhydrate (Keflex) for a client with a postoperative infection. It is most important for the nurse to assess for what additional drug allergy before administering this prescription?
A. Penicillins
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Erythromycins
D.Sulfonamides
A. Cross-allergies exist between penicillins and cephalosporines, such as keflex. so checking for penicillin allergy is a wise precaution
Which medications should the nurse caution the client about taking while receiving an opioid analgesic?
A. Antacids.
B. Benzodiasepines
C. Antihypertensives
D. Oral antidiabetics
B. respiratory depression increases with the concurrent use of opioid analgesics and other cns depressant agents, such as alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiasepines
Which nursing diagnosis is important to include in the plan of care for a client recieving the angiotensin II receptor antagonist irbesartan (avapro)?
A. Fluid volume deficit
B.Risk for infection
C. Risk for injury
D. Impaired sleep patterns
C. Avapro is an antihypertensive agent, which acts by blocking vasoconstrictor effects at various receptor sites. This can cause hypotension and dizziness, placing the client at high risk for injury
A postoperative client has been recieving a continuous IV infusion of meperidine (demerol) 35mg/hr for four days. The client has a PRN prescription for Demorol 100mg PO Q3H. The nurse notes that the client has become increasingly restless, irritable and confused, stating that there are bugs all over the walls. What action should the nurse take FIRST?
A. Administer a PRN dose of the PO meperidine (demorol)
B. Administer naloxone (narcan) IV per PRN protocol
C. Decrease the IV infusion rate of the demerol per protocol
D. notify the healthcare provider of the clients confusion and hallucinations
C. The client is exhibiting symptoms of demerol toxicity, which is consistent with the large dose of demerol recieved over four days. C. is the most effective action to immediately decrease the amount of serum demerol.
The client with a dysrhythmia is to receive procainamide (pronestyl) in 4 divided doses over the next 24 hours. What dosing schedule is best for the nurse to implement?
A. q6h
B. QID
C. AC and bedtime
D. PC and bedtime
A. q6h
After abdominal surgery, a male client is prescribed low molecular weight heparin. during administration of the medication, the client asks the nurse why he is receiving this medication. Which is the best response for the nurse to provide.
A. This medication is a blood thinner given to prevent blood clot formation
B. this medication enhances antibiotics to prevent infection
C. This medication dissolves any glots that develop int he legs
D. This abdominal injection assists in the healing of the abdominal wound
A
Following heparin treatment for a PE, a client is being discharged with a prescription for warfarin. In conducting discharge teaching, the nurse advises the client to have which diagnostic test monitored regularly?
A. Perfusion scan
B. Prothrombin time (PT/INR)
C. Activated Partial thromboplastin (APTT)
D. Serum Coumadin Level (SCL)
B. When used for a client with PE, the therapeutic goal for wafarin therapy is a PT 1/5 to 2/5 times greater than the control or an INR of 2-3. A perfusion might be preformed to monitor lung function but not monthly. APTT is monitored for Heparin.
A client who has been taking levodopa PO TID to control the symptoms of Parkinsons disease has a new prescription for sustained release levodopa/carbidopa (sinemet 25/100 PO BID. The client took his levodopa at 0800. Which instruction should the nurse include in the teaching plan for this client?
A. take the first dose of sinemet today, as soon as your prescription is filld
B. Since you already took your levodopa, wait until tomorrow to take the sinemet
C. Take both drugs for the 1st week, then switch to taking only the sinemet.
D. You can begin taking the sinemet this evening, but do not take anymore levodopa
D
While taking a nursing history, the client states, “I am allergice to penicillin.” what related allergy to another type of anti-infective agent should the nurse ask the client about when taking nursing history.
A. aminoglycosides
B. Cephalosporins
C. Sulfonamides
D. Tetracyclines
B. Cross allergies exist between penicillins and cephalosporins
A client asks the nurse if glipizide (Glucotrol) is an oral insulin. Which response should the nurse provide?
A. Yes it is an oral insulin and has the same actions and properties as intermediate insulin
B. Yes, it is an oral insulin and is distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the same manner as insulin
C. No it is not an oral insulin and can be used only when some beta cell function is present
D. No, it is not an oral insulin, but it is effective for those who are resistant to injectable insulins
C
An adult client has prescriptions for morphine sulfate 2.5 mg IV q6h and ketorlac (toradol) 30mg IV q6h. which action should the nurse implement?
A. administer both medications according to the prescription
B. Hold the ketorolac to prevent an antagonist effect
C. Hold the morphine to prevent an additive drug interaction
D. Contact the healthcare provider to clarify the prescription
A. Morphine and ketorolac can be administered concurrently and may produce additive analgesic effect resulting in ability to reduce the dose of morphine, as seen in this prescription
The healthcare provider prescribes digitalis (Digoxin) for a client diagnosed with congestive heart failure. Which intervention should the nurse implement prior to adminstering the digoxin?
A. Observe resp rate and depth
B. assess the serum potassium level
C. Obtain the clients blood pressure
D. Monitor the serum glucose level
B. hypokalemia (decreased serum potassium) will precipitate digitalis toxicity in persons receiving digoxin
An antacid (maalox) is prescribed for a client with PUD. The nurse knows that the purpose of this medication is to
A. Decrease production of gastric secretions
B. produce an adherent barrier over the ulcer
C. Maintain a gastric pH of 3.5 or above
D. decrease gastric motor activity
C.
Which client should the nurse identify as being at the highest risk for complications during the use of an opioid analgesic?
A. an older client with type 2 diabetes
B. A client with chronic rheumatoid arthritis
C. A client with a open compound fracture
D. A young adult with inflammatory bowel disease
D
A client is being treated for osteoporosis with alendronate (fosamax), and the nurse has completed discharge teaching regarding medication administration. Which morning schedule would indicated to the nurse that the client teaching has been effective?
A. take medication, go for a30 minutes morning walk, then eat breakfast
B. take med, rest in bed for 30 min., eat breakfast, go for morning walk
C. take medication with breakfast, then take a 30 minute morning walk
D. go for a 30minute morning walk, eat breakfast, then take the med
A.
A client is receiving clonidine (catapres) 0.1mg/24hr via transdermal patch. Which assessment finding indicates that the desired effect of the medication has been achieved?
A. client denies recent episodes of angina
B. Change in peripheral edema from +3 to +1
C. Client denies recent nausea or vomiting
D. Blood pressure has changed from 180/120 to 140/70
D. Catapres acts as a centrally-acting analgesic and antihypertensive agent. D. indicates a reduction in hypertention
A female client with RA takes ibuprofen (motrin) 600mg PO 4xday. To preven GI bleeding, misoprostol (cytotec) 100mcg PO is prescribed. Which information is most important for the nurse to include in client teaching?
A. use contraception during intercourse
B. ensure the cytotec is taken on an empty stomach
C. encourage oral fluid intake to prevent constipation
D. take cytotec 30min prior to motrin
A. Cytotec, a synthetic form of prostaglandin, is classified as pregnancy category X and can act as an abortifacient, so the client should be instructed to use contraception during intercourse to prevent loss of early pregnancy
Which dosing schedule should the nurse teach the client to observe for a controlled-release oxycodone prescription
Q12H
The nurse is reviewing the use of the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump with a client in the immediate postoperative period. The client will receive morphine 1mg IV/hour basal rate with 1mg IV every 15minutes per PCA to toal 5mg IV max per hour. WHat assessment has the highest priority before initating the PCA pump
A. The expiration date on the morphine syringe in the pump
B. The rate and depth of the client’s respirations
C. The type of anesthesia used during the surgical procedure
D. The client’s subjective and objective signs of pain
ANS: B
A life-threatening side effect of intravenous administration of morphine sulfate, an opiate narcotic, is respiratory depression (B). The PCA pump should be stopped and the healthcare provider notified if the client’s respiratory rate falls below 12 breaths per minute, and the nurse should anticipate adjustments in the client’s dosage before the PCA pump is restarted.
A client receiving albuterol (Proventil) tablets complains of nausea every evening with her 9 p.m. dose. What action should the nurse take to alleviate this side effect?
A) Change the time of the dose.
B) Hold the 9 p.m. dose.
C) Administer the dose with a snack.
D) Administer an antiemetic with the dose.
C.
Administering oral doses with food (C) helps minimize GI discomfort. (A) would be appropriate only if changing the time of the dose corresponds to meal times while at the same time maintaining an appropriate time interval between doses. (B) would disrupt the dosing schedule, and could result in a nontherapeutic serum level of the medication. (D) should not be attempted before other interventions, such as (C), have been proven ineffective in relieving the nausea.
In evaluating the effects of lactulose (Cephulac), which outcome should indicate that the drug is performing as intended?
A) An increase in urine output.
B) Two or three soft stools per day.
C) Watery, diarrhea stools.
D) Increased serum bilirubin.
B.
Lactulose is administered to reduce blood ammonia by excretion of ammonia through the stool. Two to three stools a day indicate that lactulose is performing as intended (B). (A) would be expected if the patient received a diuretic. (C) would indicate an overdose of lactulose and is not expected. Lactulose does not affect (D).
A client is admitted to the hospital for diagnostic testing for possible myasthenia gravis. The nurse prepares for intravenous administration of edrophonium chloride (Tensilon). What is the expected outcome for this client following administration of this pharmacologic agent?
A) Progressive difficulty with swallowing.
B) Decreased respiratory effort.
C) Improvement in generalized fatigue.
D) Decreased muscle weakness.
D.
Administration of edrophonium chloride (Tensilon), a cholinergic agent, will temporarily reduce muscle weakness (D), the most common complaint of newly-diagnosed clients with myasthenia gravis. This medication is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis due to its short duration of action. This drug would temporarily reverse (A and B), not increase these symptoms. (C) is not a typical complaint of clients with myasthenia gravis, but weakness of specific muscles, especially after prolonged use, is a common symptom.
Dobutamine (Dobutrex) is an emergency drug most commonly prescribed for a client with which condition?
A) Shock.
B) Asthma.
C) Hypotension.
D) Heart failure
D.
Dobutamine is a beta-1 adrenergic agonist that is indicated for short term use in cardiac decompensation or heart failure (D) related to reduced cardiac contractility due to organic heart disease or cardiac surgical procedures. Alpha and beta adrenergic agonists, such as epinephrine and dopamine, are sympathomimetics used in the treatment of shock (A). Other selective beta-2 adrenergic agonists, such as terbutaline and isoproterenol, are indicated in the treatment of asthma (B). Although dobutamine improves cardiac output, it is not used to treat hypotension (C).
A client who was prescribed atorvastatin (Lipitor) one month ago calls the triage nurse at the clinic complaining of muscle pain and weakness in his legs. Which statement reflects the correct drug-specific teaching the nurse should provide to this client?
A) Increase consumption of potassium-rich foods since low potassium levels can cause muscle spasms.
B) Have serum electrolytes checked at the next scheduled appointment to assess hyponatremia, a cause of cramping.
C) Make an appointment to see the healthcare provider, because muscle pain may be an indication of a serious side effect.
D) Be sure to consume a low-cholesterol diet while taking the drug to enhance the effectiveness of the drug.
C.
Myopathy, suggested by the leg pain and weakness, is a serious, and potentially life-threatening, complication of Lipitor, and should be evaluated immediately by the healthcare provider (C). Although electrolyte imbalances such as (A or B) can cause muscle spasms in some cases, this is not the likely cause of leg pain in the client receiving Lipitor, and evaluation by the healthcare provider should not be delayed for any reason. A low-cholesterol diet is recommended for those taking Lipitor since the drug is used to lower total cholesterol (D), but diet is not related to the leg pain symptom.
A peak and trough level must be drawn for a client receiving antibiotic therapy. What is the optimum time for the nurse to obtain the trough level?
A) Sixty minutes after the antibiotic dose is administered.
B) Immediately before the next antibiotic dose is given.
C) When the next blood glucose level is to be checked.
D) Thirty minutes before the next antibiotic dose is given.
B.
Trough levels are drawn when the blood level is at its lowest, which is typically just before the next dose is given (B). (A, C, and D) do not describe the optimum time for obtaining a trough level of an antibiotic.
Which antidiarrheal agent should be used with caution in clients taking high dosages of aspirin for arthritis?
A) Loperamide (Imodium).
B) Probanthine (Propantheline).
C) Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol).
D) Diphenoxylate hydrochloride with atropine (Lomotil).
C.
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol) contains a subsalicylate that increases the potential for salicylate toxicity when used concurrently with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, another salicylate preparation). (A, B, and D) do not pose the degree of risk of drug interaction with aspirin as Pepto Bismol would.
The nurse is assessing the effectiveness of high dose aspirin therapy for an 88-year-old client with arthritis. The client reports that she can’t hear the nurse’s questions because her ears are ringing. What action should the nurse implement?
A) Refer the client to an audiologist for evaluation of her hearing.
B) Advise the client that this is a common side effect of aspirin therapy.
C) Notify the healthcare provider of this finding immediately.
D) Ask the client to turn off her hearing aid during the exam.
C.
Tinnitus is an early sign of salicylate toxicity. The healthcare provider should be notified immediately (C), and the medication discontinued. (A and D) are not needed, and (B) is inaccurate.
The nurse is assessing a client who is experiencing anaphylaxis from an insect sting. Which prescription should the nurse prepare to administer to this client
A. Dopamine
B. Ephedrine
C. Epinephrine
D. Diphenhydramine
C.
Epinephrine (C) is an adrenergic agent that stimulate beta receptors to increase cardiac automaticity in cardiac arrest and relax bronchospasms in anaphylaxis. Dopamine (A) is a vasopressor used to treat clients with shock. Ephedrine (B) causes peripheral vasoconstriction and is used in the treatment of nasal congestion. Diphenhydramine (D) is an antihistamine decongestant used in the treatment of mild allergic reactions and motion sickness.
The healthcare provider prescribes naproxen (Naproxen) twice daily for a client with osteoarthritis of the hands. The client tells the nurse that the drug does not seem to be effective after three weeks. Which is the best response for the nurse to provide?
A) The frequency of the dosing is necessary to increase the effectiveness.
B) Therapeutic blood levels of this drug are reached in 4 to 6 weeks.
C) Another type of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug may be indicated.
D) Systemic corticosteroids are the next drugs of choice for pain relief.
C.
Individual responses to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are variable, so (C) is the best response. Naproxen is usually prescribed every 8 hours, so (A) is not indicated. The peak for naproxen is one to two hours, not (B). Corticosteroids are not indicated for osteoarthritis (D).
A category X drug is prescribed for a young adult female client. Which instruction is most important for the nurse to teach this client?
A) Use a reliable form of birth control.
B) Avoid exposure to ultra violet light.
C) Refuse this medication if planning pregnancy.
D) Abstain from intercourse while on this drug.
A.
Drugs classified in the category X place a client who is in the first trimester of pregnancy at risk for teratogenesis, so women in the childbearing years should be counseled to use a reliable form of birth control (A) during drug therapy. (B) is not a specific precaution with Category X drugs. The client should be encouraged to discuss plans for pregnancy with the healthcare provider, so a safer alternative prescription (C) can be provided if pregnancy occurs. Although the risk of birth defects during pregnancy explains the restriction of these drugs during pregnancy, (D) is not indicated.
An adult client is given a prescription for a scopolamine patch (Transderm Scop) to prevent motion sickness while on a cruise. Which information should the nurse provide to the client?
A) Apply the patch at least 4 hours prior to departure.
B) Change the patch every other day while on the cruise.
C) Place the patch on a hairless area at the base of the skull.
D) Drink no more than 2 alcoholic drinks during the cruise.
A.
Scopolamine, an anticholinergic agent, is used to prevent motion sickness and has a peak onset in 6 hours, so the client should be instructed to apply the patch at least 4 hours before departure (A) on the cruise ship. The duration of the transdermal patch is 72 hours, so (B) is not needed. Scolopamine blocks muscarinic receptors in the inner ear and to the vomiting center, so the best application site of the patch is behind the ear, not at the base of the skull (C). Anticholinergic medications are CNS depressants, so the client should be instructed to avoid alcohol (D) while using the patch.
A client is receiving methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) 40 mg IV daily. The nurse anticipates an increase in which laboratory value as the result of this medication?
A) Serum glucose.
B) Serum calcium.
C) Red blood cells.
D) Serum potassium.
A.
Solu-Medrol is a corticosteroid with glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid actions. These effects can lead to hyperglycemia (A), which is reflected as an increase in the serum glucose value. The client taking Solu-Medrol is at risk for hypocalcemia (B) and hypokalemia (D), which result in a decrease, not an increase, in the serum calcium and serum potassium levels. This medication does not adversely affect the RBC count (C).
The healthcare provider prescribes naloxone (Narcan) for a client in the emergency room. Which assessment data would indicate that the naloxone has been effective? The client’s
A) statement that the chest pain is better.
B) respiratory rate is 16 breaths/minute.
C) seizure activity has stopped temporarily.
D) pupils are constricted bilaterally.
B.
Naloxone (Narcan) is a narcotic antagonist that reverses the respiratory depression effects of opiate overdose, so assessment of a normal respiratory rate (B) would indicate that the respiratory depression has been halted. (A, C, and D) are not related to naloxone (Narcan) administration.
A client is taking hydromorphone (Dilaudid) PO q4h at home. Following surgery, Dilaudid IV q4h PRN and butorphanol tartrate (Stadol) IV q4h PRN are prescribed for pain. The client received a dose of the Dilaudid IV four hours ago, and is again requesting pain medication. What intervention should the nurse implement?
A) Alternate the two medications q4h PRN for pain.
B) Alternate the two medications q2h PRN for pain.
C) Administer only the Dilaudid q4h PRN for pain.
D) Administer only the Stadol q4h PRN for pain.
C.
Dilaudid is an opioid agonist. Stadol is an opioid agonist-antagonist. Use of an agonist-antagonist for the client who has been receiving opioid agonists may result in abrupt withdrawal symptoms, and should be avoided (C). (A, B, and D) do not reflect good nursing practice.
A 43-year-old female client is receiving thyroid replacement hormone following a thyroidectomy. What adverse effects associated with thyroid hormone toxicity should the nurse instruct the client to report promptly to the healthcare provider?
A) Tinnitus and dizziness.
B) Tachycardia and chest pain.
C) Dry skin and intolerance to cold.
D) Weight gain and increased appetite.
B. Thyroid replacement hormone increases the metabolic rate of all tissues, so common signs and symptoms of toxicity include tachycardia and chest pain (B). (A, C, and D) do not indicate a thyroid hormone toxicity.
Which drug is used as a palliative treatment for a client with tumor-induced spinal cord compression?
A) Morphine Sulfate (Duromorph).
B) Ibuprofen (Advil).
C) Amitriptyline (Amitril).
D) Dexamethasone (Decadron).
D.
Dexamethasone (D) is a palliative treatment modality to manage symptoms related to compression due to tumor growth. Morphine sulphate (A) is an opioid analgesic used in oncology to manage severe or intractable pain. Ibuprofen (B), a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), provides relief for mild to moderate pain, suppression of inflammation, and reduction of fever. Amitriptyline (C), a tricyclic antidepressant, is often prescribed for pain related to neuropathic origin and provides a reduction in opioid dosage.
A client is receiving metoprolol (Lopressor SR). What assessment is most important for the nurse to obtain?
A) Temperature.
B) Lung sounds.
C) Blood pressure.
D) Urinary output.
C.
It is most important to monitor the blood pressure (C) of clients taking this medication because Lopressor is an antianginal, antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive agent. While (A and B) are important data to obtain on any client, they are not as important for a client receiving Lopressor as (C). Intake and output ratios and daily weights should be monitored while taking Lopressor to assess for signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure, but (D) alone does not have the importance of (C).
A client with osteoarthritis receives a new prescription for celecoxib (Celebrex) orally for symptom management. The nurse notes the client is allergic to sulfa. Which action is most important for the nurse to implement prior to administering the first dose?
A) Review the client’s hemoglobin results.
B) Notify the healthcare provider.
C) Inquire about the reaction to sulfa.
D) Record the client’s vital signs.
B.
Celebrex contains a sulfur molecule, which can lead to an allergic reaction in individuals who are sensitive to sulfonamides, so the healthcare provider should be notified of the client’s allergies (B). Although (A, C, and D) are important assessments, it is most important to notify the healthcare provider for an alternate prescription.
Upon admission to the emergency center, an adult client with acute status asthmaticus is prescribed this series of medications. In which order should the nurse administer the prescribed medications? (Arrange from first to last.)
A) Prednisone (Deltasone) orally.
B) Gentamicin (Garamycin) IM.
C) Albuterol (Proventil) puffs.
D) Salmeterol (Serevent Diskus).
CDAB
A client with coronary artery disease who is taking digoxin (Lanoxin) receives a new prescription for atorvastatin (Lipitor). Two weeks after initiation of the Lipitor prescription, the nurse assesses the client. Which finding requires the most immediate intervention?
A) Heartburn.
B) Headache.
C) Constipation.
D) Vomiting.
d.
Vomiting, anorexia and abdominal pain are early indications of digitalis toxicity. Since Lipitor increases the risk for digitalis toxicity, this finding requires the most immediate intervention by the nurse (D). (A, B and C) are expected side effects of Lipitor.
A client with congestive heart failure (CHF) is being discharged with a new prescription for the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (Capoten). The nurse’s discharge instruction should include reporting which problem to the healthcare provider?
A) Weight loss.
B) Dizziness.
C) Muscle cramps.
D) Dry mucous membranes.
B.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used in CHF to reduce afterload by reversing vasoconstriction common in heart failure. This vasodilation can cause hypotension and resultant dizziness (B). (A) is desired if fluid overload is present, and may occur as the result of effective combination drug therapy such as diuretics with ACE inhibitors. (C) often indicates hypokalemia in the client receiving diuretics. Excessive diuretic administration may result in fluid volume deficit, manifested by symptoms such as (D).
The nurse is teaching a client with cancer about opioid management for intractable pain and tolerance related side effects. The nurse should prepare the client for which side effect that is most likely to persist during long-term use of opioids?
A) Sedation.
B) Constipation.
C) Urinary retention.
D) Respiratory depression.
b.
The client should be prepared to implement measures for constipation (B) which is the most likely persistent side effect related to opioid use. Tolerance to opiate narcotics is common, and the client may experience less sedation (A) and respiratory depression (D) as analgesic use continues. Opioids increase the tone in the urinary bladder sphincter, which causes retention (C) but may subside.
The nitrate isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) is prescribed for a client with angina. Which instruction should the nurse include in this client’s discharge teaching plan?
A) Quit taking the medication if dizziness occurs.
B) Do not get up quickly. Always rise slowly.
C) Take the medication with food only.
D) Increase your intake of potassium-rich foods.
B.
An expected side effect of nitrates is orthostatic hypotension and the nurse should address how to prevent it–by rising slowly (B). Dizziness is expected, and the client should not quit taking the medication without notifying the healthcare provider (A). (C and D) are not indicated when taking this medication.
In teaching a client who had a liver transplant about cyclosporine (Sandimmune), the nurse should encourage the client to report which adverse response to the healthcare provider?
A) Changes in urine color.
B) Presence of hand tremors.
C) Increasing body hirsutism.
D) Nausea and vomiting.
B.
Neurological complications, such as hand tremors (B), occur in about 50% of clients taking cyclosporine and should be reported. Although this drug can be nephrotoxic, (A) typically does not occur. (C and D) are common side effects, but are not usually severe.
Which method of medication administration provides the client with the greatest first-pass effect?
A) Oral.
B) Sublingual.
C) Intravenous.
D) Subcutaneous.
A.
The first-pass effect is a pharmacokinetic phenomenon that is related to the drug’s metabolism in the liver. After oral (A) medications are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the drug is carried directly to the liver via the hepatic portal circulation where hepatic inactivation occurs and reduces the bioavailability of the drug. Alternative method of administration, such as sublingual (B), IV (C), and subcutaneous (D) routes, avoid this first-pass effect.
A client’s dose of isosorbide dinitrate (Imdur) is increased from 40 mg to 60 mg PO daily. When the client reports the onset of a headache prior to the next scheduled dose, which action should the nurse implement?
A) Hold the next scheduled dose of Imdur 60 mg and administer a PRN dose of acetaminophen (Tylenol).
B) Administer the 40 mg of Imdur and then contact the healthcare provider.
C) Administer the 60 mg dose of Imdur and a PRN dose of acetaminophen (Tylenol).
D) Do not administer the next dose of Imdur or any acetaminophen until notifying the healthcare provider.
C.
Imdur is a nitrate which causes vasodilation. This vasodilation can result in headaches, which can generally be controlled with acetaminophen (C) until the client develops a tolerance to this adverse effect. (A and B) may result in the onset of angina if a therapeutic level of Imdur is not maintained. Lying down (D) is less likely to reduce the headache than is a mild analgesic.
A medication that is classified as a beta-1 agonist is most commonly prescribed for a client with which condition?
A) Glaucoma.
B) Hypertension.
C) Heart failure.
D) Asthma.
C.
Beta-1 agonists improve cardiac output by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure and are indicated in heart failure (C), shock, atrioventricular block dysrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. Glaucoma (A) is managed using adrenergic agents and beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Beta-1 blocking agents are used in the management of hypertension (B). Medications that stimulate beta-2 receptors in the bronchi are effective for bronchoconstriction in respiratory disorders, such as asthma (D).
A client with Parkinson’s disease is taking carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet). Which observation by the nurse should indicate that the desired outcome of the medication is being achieved?
A) Decreased blood pressure.
B) Lessening of tremors.
C) Increased salivation.
D) Increased attention span.
B.
Sinemet increases the amount of levodopa to the CNS (dopamine to the brain). Increased amounts of dopamine improve the symptoms of Parkinson’s, such as involuntary movements, resting tremors (B), shuffling gait, etc. (A) is a side effect of Sinemet. Decreased drooling would be a desired effect, not (C). Sinemet does not affect (D).
A client with heart failure is prescribed spironolactone (Aldactone). Which information is most important for the nurse to provide to the client about diet modifications?
A) Do not add salt to foods during preparation.
B) Refrain for eating foods high in potassium.
C) Restrict fluid intake to 1000 ml per day.
D) Increase intake of milk and milk products.
B.
Spironolactone (Aldactone), an aldosterone antagonist, is a potassium-sparing diuretic, so a diet high in potassium should be avoided (B), including potassium salt substitutes, which can lead to hyperkalemia. Although (A) is a common diet modification in heart failure, the risk of hyperkalemia is more important with Aldactone. Restriction of fluids (C) or increasing milk and milk products (D) are not indicated with this prescription.
A client receiving Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) intravenously (IV) complains of pain at the insertion site, and the nurse notes edema at the site. Which intervention is most important for the nurse to implement?
A) Assess for erythema.
B) Administer the antidote.
C) Apply warm compresses.
D) Discontinue the IV fluids.
D.
Doxorubicin is an antineoplastic agent that causes inflammation, blistering, and necrosis of tissue upon extravasation. First, all IV fluids should be discontinued at the site (D) to prevent further tissue damage by the vesicant. Erythema is one sign of infiltration and should be noted, but edema and pain at the infusion site require stopping the IV fluids (A). Although an antidote may be available (B), additional fluids contribute to the trauma of the subcutaneous tissues. Depending on the type of vesicant, warm or cold compresses (C) may be prescribed after the infusion is discontinued.
Which nursing intervention is most important when caring for a client receiving the antimetabolite cytosine arabinoside (Arc-C) for chemotherapy?
A) Hydrate the client with IV fluids before and after infusion.
B) Assess the client for numbness and tingling of extremities.
C) Inspect the client’s oral mucosa for ulcerations.
D) Monitor the client’s urine pH for increased acidity.
C.
Cytosine arabinoside (Arc-C) affects the rapidly growing cells of the body, therefore stomatitis and mucosal ulcerations are key signs of antimetabolite toxicity (C). (A, B, and D) are not typical interventions associated with the administration of antimetabolites.
A client with giardiasis is taking metronidazole (Flagyl) 2 grams PO. Which information should the nurse include in the client’s instruction?
A) Notify the clinic of any changes in the color of urine.
B) Avoid overexposure to the sun.
C) Stop the medication after the diarrhea resolves.
D) Take the medication with food.
D.
Flagyl, an amoebicide and antibacterial agent, may cause gastric distress, so the client should be instructed to take the medication on a full stomach (D). Urine may be red-brown or dark from Flagyl, but this side effect is not necessary to report (A). Photosensitivity (B) is not a side effect associated with Flagyl. Despite the resolution of clinical symptoms, antiinfective medications should be taken for their entire course because stopping the medication (C) can increase the risk of resistant organisms.
Which action is most important for the nurse to implement prior to the administration of the antiarrhythmic drug adenosine (Adenocard)?
A) Assess pupillary response to light.
B) Instruct the client that facial flushing may occur.
C) Apply continuous cardiac monitoring.
D) Request that family members leave the room.
C.
Adenosine (Adenocard) is an antiarrhythmic drug used to restore a normal sinus rhythm in clients with rapid supraventricular tachycardia. The client’s heart rate should be monitored continuously (C) for the onset of additional arrhythmias while receiving adenosine. (A and B) are valuable nursing interventions, but are of less importance than monitoring for potentially fatal arrhythmias. Family members may be asked to leave the room because of the potential for an emergency situation (D), however, this is also of less priority than (C).
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A client is receiving ampicillin sodium (Omnipen) for a sinus infection. The nurse should instruct the client to notify the healthcare provider immediately if which symptom occurs?
A) Rash.
B) Nausea.
C) Headache.
D) Dizziness.
A.
Rash (A) is the most common adverse effect of all penicillins, indicating an allergy to the medication which could result in anaphylactic shock, a medical emergency. (B, C, and D) are common side effects of penicillins that should subside after the body adjusts to the medication. These would not require immediate medical care unless the symptoms persist beyond the first few days or become extremely severe.
An older client with a decreased percentage of lean body mass is likely to receive a prescription that is adjusted based on which pharmacokinetic process?
A) Absorption.
B) Metabolism.
C) Elimination.
D) Distribution.
D.
A decreased lean body mass in an older adult affects the distribution of drugs (D), which affects the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Decreased gastric pH, delayed gastric emptying, decreased splanchnic blood flow, decreased gastrointestinal absorption surface areas and motility affect (A) in the older adult population. Decreased hepatic blood flow, decreased hepatic mass, and decreased activity of hepatic enzymes affect (B) in older adults. Decreased renal blood flow, decreased glomerular filtration rate, decreased tubular secretion, and decreased number of nephrons affects (C) in an older adult.
Which symptoms are serious adverse effects of beta-adrenergic blockers such as propranolol (Inderal)?
A) Headache, hypertension, and blurred vision.
B) Wheezing, hypotension, and AV block.
C) Vomiting, dilated pupils, and papilledema.
D) Tinnitus, muscle weakness, and tachypnea.
B.
(B) represents the most serious adverse effects of beta-blocking agents. AV block is generally associated with bradycardia and results in potentially life-threatening decreases in cardiac output. Additionally, wheezing secondary to bronchospasm and hypotension represent life-threatening respiratory and cardiac disorders. (A, C, and D) are not associated with beta-blockers.
The nurse is preparing the 0900 dose of losartan (Cozaar), an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), for a client with hypertension and heart failure. The nurse reviews the client’s laboratory results and notes that the client’s serum potassium level is 5.9 mEq/L. What action should the nurse take first?
A) Withhold the scheduled dose.
B) Check the client’s apical pulse.
C) Notify the healthcare provider.
D) Repeat the serum potassium level.
A.
The nurse should first withhold the scheduled dose of Cozaar (A) because the client is hyperkalemic (normal range 3.5 to 5 mEq/L). Although hypokalemia is usually associated with diuretic therapy in heart failure, hyperkalemia is associated with several heart failure medications, including ARBs. Because hyperkalemia may lead to cardiac dysrhythmias, the nurse should check the apical pulse for rate and rhythm (B), and the blood pressure. Before repeating the serum study (D), the nurse should notify the healthcare provider (C) of the findings.
A client is receiving digoxin for the onset of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Which laboratory findings should the nurse identify that places this client at risk?
A) Hypokalemia.
B) Hyponatremia.
C) Hypercalcemia.
D) Low uric acid levels.
A.
Hypokalemia affects myocardial contractility, so (A) places this client at greatest risk for dysrhythmias that may be unresponsive to drug therapy. Although an imbalance of serum electrolytes, (B and C), can effect cardiac rhythm, the greatest risk for the client receiving digoxin is (A). (D) does not cause any interactions related to digoxin therapy for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).