Physics
The study of forces, energy, motion

Chemistry
The study of atoms and molecules, their structures, and their interactions to form substances

Earth science
The study of the Earth’s structure and composition, and processes that change Earth

essential attributes of science
Studies the natural world
Uses testable ideas
Relies on data from observations/experiments
Presented for evaluation by other scientists
Leads to further questions/research

variables
The changing quantities in an experiment

independent variable
What you change in an experiment on purpose

dependent variable
The variable that changes because of an independent variable

control variable
The variable(s) you don’t want to study, need to be either eliminated or kept constant

observational study
When systems are observed as they appear in nature, researchers do not attempt to change them

physical model
A model of a physical phenomenon, such as a planetary system

conceptual model
A model used to visualize things that cannot be seen, such as atoms

mathematical model
A model that treats physical objects/phenomena using mathematical methods

computer model
A detailed, complex model calculated by a computer

principle of falsification
Principle that only falsifiable statements can be subject to scientific inquiry

hypothesis
A testable statement about how something in nature works

law
A concise statement that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments, describes a widespread pattern in nature (what)

theory
A statement that explains a wide range of observations, supported by a large body of scientific evidence (how/why)

meter
Base unit of length

kilogram
Base unit of mass

second
Base unit of time

kelvin
Base unit of temperature

Derived units
What is produced when the base units/quantities are combined

Speed
The name for the distance traveled divided by an interval of time

Volume
Term for the amount of space an object occupies

Liquid displacement
Method of determining the volume of an object by measuring the amount of liquid it displaces

direct relationship
A relationship between two variables where increasing one increases the other, and vice versa

inverse relationship
A relationship between two variables where increasing one decreases the other, and vice versa

Velocity
A combination of speed and direction

Acceleration
Term for any change in an object’s speed and/or direction

Force
Term for a push or a pull with direction and magnitude. You may not feel it.

Net force
The sum of all forces acting on an object

balanced forces
Term for forces that combine to produce a net force of 0

Newton’s first law
An object in motion remains in motion unless acted on by a net force

inertia
The tenancy to keep the same motion/velocity or remain at rest. Newton’s first law

Newton’s second law
Net force = mass x acceleration (F = ma)

Newton’s third law
When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a force of the same magnitude in the opposite direction on the first object (“For every action, an equal and opposite reaction”)

friction
The force that opposes the motion of an object on which it acts

Kinetic friction
Friction between two objects moving against each other

Static friction
Friction between two objects touching but not moving against each other

Fluid resistance
Friction when an object moves through a gas or liquid

Gravity
Attractive force between objects directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance

Linear momentum
Name for the mass of an object times its velocity

Law of conservation of momentum
Term for the fact that momentum is conserved when two or more objects collide

elasticity
The amount of bounce an object has after a collision

Elastic collision
A collision in which the total kinetic energy is conserved

Inelastic collision
A collision in which the total kinetic energy is not conserved

Work
Term for the displacement of an object in the direction of an applied force by using/converting energy

Energy
The capacity to do work or cause change

Kinetic energy
The energy objects have because they are moving. Increases with mass and velocity

potential energy
Energy that is stored

Formula for work
work = force x displacement

gravitational potential energy
Energy an object has due to its height above the ground. Increases with mass and height.

chemical potential energy
Energy that is stored in the chemical bonds in a substance

elastic potential energy
Energy stored in stretched springs, rubber bands, etc.

electromagnetic energy
Energy carried by electromagnetic waves. Light energy.

thermal energy
Energy from the motion of atoms and molecules. Depends on mass and temperature

Law of conservation of energy
Term for the fact that energy cannot be created/destroyed, only transferred/converted

oscillation
A repetitive motion that occurs around a center point or equilibrium

equilibrium
A position or state to which an oscillating object eventually returns to

wave
A repeating and periodic disturbance (oscillation) that travels from one point to another, transferring energy

mechanical waves
Type of waves that require a medium (air, water, etc.) to travel through, cannot travel through a vaccuum

transverse wave
Wave where the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling

longitudinal wave
Wave where the oscillation occurs along the direction the wave is traveling

electromagnetic waves
Waves with both an electric and magnetic component. Can only be transverse waves and can travel through a vaccuum

compression
Region of longitudinal wave where particles are close together

expansion
Region of longitudinal wave where particles are far apart (aka rarefaction)

crest
The highest point in a wave above equilibrium

trough
The lowest point in a wave under equilibrium

amplitude
The distance between a wave’s equilibrium and crest/trough in a transverse wave, or how compressed/expanded the medium becomes in a longitudinal wave

wavelength
The horizontal distance after which the wave repeats

period
The amount of time needed for one full oscillation/one wave to pass

frequency
Number of wave oscillations in a given period of time

sound wave
A disturbance we can hear that moves through a medium away from the source

Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass

Atom
The basic building block of matter

valence electrons
The electrons in the outer most shell of an atom

Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom, defined by its proton count

atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Chemical
Any substance that has a definite, fixed composition

Compound
a chemical combination of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

chemical bonds
the attractive forces that hold atoms together

organic compound
Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

Inorganic compounds
Compounds that are not organic compounds

pure substance
A chemical containing only one type of element or compound

Mixture
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined and not present in a specific, fixed ratio

heterogeneous mixture
A mixture in which pure substances are unevenly distributed throughout the mixture

homogeneous mixture
A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture

macroscopic properties
The properties observed when a large number of particles interact

microscopic properties
Properties at the small scale, such as properties of atoms and molecules

Troposphere
The lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere where weather occurs

Stratosphere
the layer above the troposphere; the ozone layer is found in this layer, planes fly here

ozone layer
Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation.

Mesosphere
The layer of Earth’s atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere, where meteors burn up

Thermosphere
The atmospheric layer above the mesosphere where auroras occur, ISS orbits here

Exosphere
The outer layer of the atmosphere

physical change
When matter changes in appearance without changing in chemical composition

chemical change
When matter changes in chemical composition

chemical reaction
When chemical bonds are formed/broken in a chemical change

Reactants
The substances present before a chemical reaction begins

Products
The substances formed during a chemical reaction

Ion
An atom with a net electric charge (i.e., not neutral)

ionic bond
Chemical bond formed between a positively charged atom and a negatively charged atom, where a valence electron is given from one to the other

ionic compound
Compounds formed via ionic bonds, usually a combination of a metal and one or more non-metals

covalent bond
Bond formed between atoms that share valence electrons

metallic bond
Bond formed between atoms of metals using an electron sea where valence electrons move about freely

period
Name for a row in the periodic table

group
Name for a column in the periodic table

family
Name for elements in the same group of the periodic table that have the same number of valence electrons

metals
Term for elements that tend to lose electrons

malleability
The ability to be shaped by pounding without breaking apart

ductility
The ability to be stretched into wire

nonmetals
Term for elements with electrons very tightly associated with the nucleus

metalloids
Term for elements that are shiny like metal but have intermediate electrical conductivity (i.e. semiconductors)

law of conservation of matter
Term for the fact that matter cannot be created/destroyed, but can be converted between forms through physical or chemical changes

coefficient
Number used to indicate the ratio of chemicals in a reaction, written before chemical formula

Temperature
Term for the measure of the average kinetic energy per particle

Thermal energy
Term for the total energy in the particles of an object

nebula
A cloud of gasses and particles

nuclear fusion
Process where hydrogen and other nuclei fuse together into larger nuclei

star
Celestial body that held together by its own gravity that releases light and other forms of radiant energy generated by nuclear fusion

galaxy
A collection of hundreds of billions of stars that are clustered together by gravity

asteroids
Very small, rocky bodies that orbit the sun

moon
A naturally formed object that orbits a planet

comets
Relatively small, icy, dusty bodies that travel around the sun in very elliptical orbits

crust
Thin, outermost rocky shell at the surface of the earth

mantle
Thickest layer of the Earth made of hot, solid rock, 84% of volume of the planet

outer core
Outer half of the Earth’s core. Made of mostly molten iron

inner core
Inner half of the Earth’s core. Made of solid nickel-iron

weathering
The alteration or breakdown of rock or soil

physical weathering
Weathering resulting from mechanical processes

chemical weathering
Weathering resulting from chemical processes

erosion
The mechanism responsible for the transportation or removal of material

glacier
A slowly moving mass of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow that flows slowly over time

deposition
The process in which soil, sediment, or rocks are added to a landform

meanders
Curves in a river formed by eroding the outer bank and depositing sediment on the inner bank

mineral
A naturally occurring, solid inorganic element/compound formed by natural processes, with a limited range of possible chemical composition and a definite arrangement of atoms

sedimentary rocks
Rocks made up of weathered particles (sand, silt, clay, gravel, cobbles, or even boulders) that have been cemented together into hard rock

igneous rocks
Rocks formed by lava or magma

metamorphic rocks
Rocks formed through heat and pressure which causes their minerals to change

rock cycle
Name for the various processes that change rocks from one form to another

Precambrian Era
Era consisting of Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons

4 eons
Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic

Paleozoic era
Era consisting of greatest diversification of life on earth

Mesozoic era
Era when the dinosaurs thrived

Cenozoic era
Current era, the age of mammals

principle of superposition
Principle stating in undeformed sedimentary rocks, each bed is younger than the one below it

principle of crosscutting relationships
If a rock, fault, or other feature cuts through a rock layer, that rock layer must have been pre-existing in order to have been cut through. Determines relative ages of different rocks

unconformity
A buried erosional surface, suggesting a lack of information

convergent boundary
A tectonic plate boundary where the plates push into each other, causing large quakes

divergent boundary
A tectonic plate boundary where the plates are separating, with volcanoes and few, weak quakes

transform boundary
A tectonic plate boundary where the plates are grinding past each other, causing quakes but almost no volcanoes

subduction
When one tectonic plate sinks into the mantle below another plate

oceanic to continental boundary
A convergent boundary between a seafloor plate and continental plate, causing deep ocean trenches and continental volcanic mountain ranges, large quakes

oceanic to oceanic boundary
A convergent boundary between two seafloor plates, causing volcanic islands and large earthquakes

continental to continental boundary
A convergent boundary between two continental plates with no subduction, causing tall mountain ranges with no volcanoes but large earthquakes

Troposphere
the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere, where weather occurs

Ozone layer
Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation.

Stratosphere
The second-lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere, contains the ozone layer

Mesosphere
The layer of Earth’s atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere, where meteors burn up

Thermosphere
The atmospheric layer above the mesosphere, where auroras happen and the ISS flies

Exosphere
The last layer of the atmosphere, beyond which exists a vacuum

Convection
The transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas

convection cell
A circular pattern of rising warm air and sinking cool air

Transpiration
Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

Infiltration
Flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface

Groundwater
water that is in the ground

Runoff
Water that is not soaked into the ground

Air mass
Large body of air with the same temperature, humidity, and pressure

Front
A boundary between two or more air masses

Warm front
A front along which a warm air mass moves over a mass of cooler air

cold front
A front where cold air moves in under a warm air mass.

high pressure system (anticyclone)
An area of dense air that sinks and warms, develops in cold areas, and removes clouds (hot day/cold night)

low pressure system (depression)
An area of less dense air that rises and cools, develops in warm areas, and creates clouds (mild day/night)

A mathematical model is used to predict the trajectory of a bullet fired from a gun. Which discipline of physical science is used to develop this model?
Physics

An environmental scientist monitors pollutants in a lake. Which two disciplines of physical science does this scientist use? Choose 2 answers
Chemistry
Earth Science

Which study involves both Earth science and physics?
Calculating how much energy is associated with a hurricane

Which question could be answered with a controlled experiment?
Does ice melt faster in an empty glass or in a glass full of water?

Which topic would be appropriate for a controlled experiment?
Determining how fast different chemical pollutants dissolve in water

Sir Isaac Newton discovered that the force of gravity between two masses increases if the masses increase, and decreases if the distance between the masses increases. No experiments have ever contradicted this relationship. Which type of scientific statement is this?
Law

The well-accepted scientific explanation for many characteristics of Earth’s crust states that the crust is broken into several large plates. These plates move slowly over the mantle below because of convection and other processes. Earthquakes and volcanoes are most common at places where the plates interact. Evidence from physics, chemistry, and geology supports this explanation. Which type of scientific idea is this explanation an example of?
Theory

Which question requires a controlled experiment to answer?
Which type of rock contains the most calcium?

A student proposes that sugar will dissolve faster in rubbing alcohol than in water. The student reasons that sugar and rubbing alcohol both contain carbon so they will mix more easily. Which type of scientific idea is the student’s proposal an example of?
Hypothesis

Why was the shrinking Earth idea replaced by the theory of plate tectonics?
Plate tectonics explained observations about Earth that the shrinking Earth idea could not explain.

Astronomers have long accepted that plate tectonics exists nowhere in our solar system except on Earth. In 2011, a scientist analyzed 100 NASA-space-mission photographs of Valles Marineris on Mars, the longest known series of canyons in the solar system. The scientist found that Valles Marineris showed features found only in locations on Earth where major tectonic plates divide. What would be the appropriate response of scientists to this information?
Carry out further research to gain more understanding of possible plate tectonics on Mars

According to the theory of plate tectonics, volcanoes are especially likely to form along plate boundaries because of rising magma. New satellite data mapping the ocean floor reveals thousands of seamounts, which are small volcanoes. Some of the seamounts are in lines that could correspond to past or present plate boundaries, but many are not aligned in this way. How should scientists appropriately respond to the idea that some new mechanism of forming the volcanoes is involved?
Carry out more research to understand better how the seamounts form

For many decades, scientists thought they understood how ozone breaks down in the stratosphere, creating ozone holes. However, new data show significantly lower reaction rates than can be explained by the long-held model. What is the appropriate scientific approach for dealing with this contradiction?
Conduct additional experiments to confirm the new data

For almost 1500 years most scientists in Europe accepted Ptolemy’s geocentric planetary model that suggested the sun revolved around Earth. By the eighteenth century, most scientists supported a heliocentric model that suggests that Earth revolves around the sun. What is an appropriate scientific basis for this change in view?
The existing theory was changed to account for new data

A woman does pushups by lowering her body to the floor using her arms and then pressing against the floor with her hands to push herself back up, as shown in the image below. Which force causes her to rise?
The upward force that the ground exerts on the woman

Two boxes sitting on the floor look identical, but one has more mass than the other. What happens when the same net force, sufficient to overcome static friction, is applied to each box?
The box with less mass accelerates more.

Two identical train engines are parked on parallel tracks. One engine has ten cars attached, and the other has no cars attached. Each engine exerts the same net force, which allows the train to overcome static friction. Which engine will be able to accelerate more?
The engine not pulling any cars will accelerate more.

A woman applies an upward force to a basket filled with groceries. Assume she is standing still.
What will happen to the basket if the force she applies is greater than the force of gravity?
The basket will move up.

A heavy truck and a light car travel at the same velocity side-by-side on the highway. Both drivers apply the same braking force at the same moment.
What will happen to the two vehicles?
The car will slow down more quickly than the truck.

Which force causes graphite from the tip of a pencil to transfer to the paper?
Friction

Which force keeps Jupiter in orbit around the Sun?
Gravity

Which force causes a jet airplane to stop on a runway?
Friction

Which force causes meteors to burn up when they enter Earth’s atmosphere?
Friction

Which kind of electromagnetic radiation carries information to and from a cell phone when it is used for a phone call?
Microwaves

A cashier who has been handed a hundred-dollar bill may check its authenticity by holding it under a special lamp that emits electromagnetic radiation mostly at wavelengths slightly shorter than visible light. The electromagnetic radiation makes a pattern of previously invisible markings on the bill glow brightly, or fluoresce. Which kind of electromagnetic radiation does the lamp emit to produce this effect?
Ultraviolet Radiation

After natural disasters, first responders can locate survivors in the rubble by using thermal detectors. Because the victims’ bodies are warmer than their surroundings, the difference in temperature is detected by electromagnetic waves. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is being detected?
Infrared radiation

Airport security uses electromagnetic radiation to form images of objects inside passenger luggage. Which type of electromagnetic radiation is used in this way?
X-Rays

Which type of wave has a longitudinal motion?
Sound waves

Which is a characteristic of electromagnetic waves?
Transverse wave motion

A slingshot is a Y-shaped stick with rubber bands between the prongs for shooting stones and other small projectiles. A stone is shot by first placing it in the slingshot holder, which is attached to the rubber bands. The stone and holder and then pulled back, stretching the rubber bands. When released, the stone is propelled forward and leaves the slingshot at a high speed. Which type of energy transformation occurs from the point when the rubber bands are fully stretched to when the stone leaves the slingshot?
Elastic potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.

Which type of energy conversion occurs at the moment fireworks explode?
Chemical potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.

What energy conversion takes place as a box slides to a stop on a horizontal table?
Chemical potential energy is converted into thermal energy.

Which action demonstrates a chemical change?
cooking an egg

Which type of bond is formed when valence electrons are shared between two atoms?
covalent

Which properties will elements in group 2 share, based on location in the periodic table (Metals) ? Choose 2 answers
Good thermal conductivity
Good electrical conductivity

Consider the location of sodium (Na) on the periodic table.
Which element has chemical properties that are similar to sodium’s?
Potassium (K)
(K is in the same group is NA)

A beaker contains 500 g of liquid water. An ice cube with a mass of 5 g is added to the water in the beaker. How many grams of liquid water are in the beaker when the ice has melted?
505 g

A chemist places 250 grams of liquid water into a beaker. The volume of the liquid water is 250 milliliters. The chemist then freezes the water. After it is frozen, the ice has a volume of 273 milliliters. What is the mass of the ice?
250 grams

When baking soda is added to vinegar, a chemical reaction occurs. The reaction produces carbon dioxide gas, and a liquid solution consisting mostly of water and a salt called sodium acetate. How is mass affected in this reaction, according to the law of conservation of matter?
The total mass of baking soda and vinegar must equal the total mass of carbon dioxide and the liquid solution.

In which phase change is energy being absorbed from the surroundings?
Water boiling on an electric burner

What happens when wet clothes dry outside on a warm day?
The water in the clothes absorbs energy from the air and becomes a gas.

Which subatomic particle is located outside the nucleus?
electron

What charge does a neutron have?
no charge (neutral)

A chocolate chip cookie is made with dough and chocolate chips. Which type of substance is a chocolate chip cookie?
Mixture

Which example describes a compound?
A substance with sodium atoms bonded to chlorine atoms

In which state of matter are particles close together, but able to slide past one another?
Liquid

A geologist is doing a risk assessment for a location where the African plate is moving away from the South American plate. Which risk description must the geologist give for this location?
There is high risk of volcanoes and low risk of large earthquakes.

A utility company is considering building a power plant at a location on the Eurasian plate far from any plate boundaries. Which types of risk are present in this location?
Low risk of both volcanoes and earthquakes

A river flows across a region. As the river flows, it erodes the rock beneath it. Which type of landform will develop if the river continues to flow along a straight path?
Valley

Which landform is produced when sediment is eroded from one side of a river and deposited on the other side?
Meander

Where is metamorphic rock found in the rock cycle?
After heat and pressure

The rock layers shown in the illustration have not been disturbed or overturned.
Top to Bottom: Limestone (Sedimentary), Shale (Sedimentary), Sandstone (Sedimentary), Granite (Igneous)
Which type of environment was present in this region most recently, based on these rock layers?
A warm, shallow sea

The rock layers shown in the illustration have not been disturbed or overturned.
Top to Bottom: Limestone (Sedimentary), Shale (Sedimentary), Sandstone (Sedimentary), Marble (Metamorphic)
What can be inferred about the geologic history of this area from these rock layers?
It was exposed to high heat and pressure, and then experienced deposition.

Through which layer of the atmosphere does a mountaineer climbing a tall mountain ascend?
Troposphere

A meteorologist is studying the formation of a hurricane.
Which layer of the atmosphere is the meteorologist studying?
Troposphere

During heavy rains, the soil on a farm is washed away into a nearby river. Which parts of the water cycle result in this loss of soil? Choose 2 answers
Precipitation
Runoff

Snow falls from the atmosphere and accumulates on a glacier. Which part of the water cycle does this process represent?
Precipitation

A gardener is working in a garden on a hot, humid day. Suddenly, clouds begin to form. Within a few hours, gusty winds and a thunderstorm are passing through the area. After the storms pass, the weather is clear and much cooler. What caused this change in weather?
A cold front moved through the area.

A hiker needs to select a day for a hike. The hiker examines weather forecasts for the next several days. Which day should the hike be planned for, if the hiker wants to hike on a clear day with no clouds?
A day when a high pressure system rests over the area

Which of these is an example of climate change caused by natural variation?
The low rainfall that helped produce the dust bowl in the American Great Plains

What is an example of climate change that can be caused by human activity?
Changes in average temperature from increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide

Earth formed from dust and gases surrounding the sun.
Which force pulled the dust and gases together to form Earth?
Gravitational

A galaxy consists of many stars in the same large region of space. Which phenomenon leads stars to group together to form a galaxy?
Gravity between stars

What is true during summer in the northern hemisphere?
The northern hemisphere receives more direct sunlight than in the winter.

A car is moving forward and its brakes are being applied. Which of the following is true?
The car’s velocity is forward, and its acceleration is backward.

You are pushing a file cabinet across a floor in a straight line at a constant speed. Which of the following can you correctly conclude about the forces acting on the file cabinet?

A car moves forward along a horizontal road in a straight line at constant speed. The net force on the car is
zero

Inertia is an object’s
tendency to remain stationary or continue moving in the same way

The mass of an object measures:
the object’s resistance to being accelerated

Which of the following is used to increase friction?
scattering sand on icy roads

The force that slows down a person falling with a parachute is called
air resistance

If the distance between two objects increases, the force of gravity between them:

A car decreases its speed from 40 miles per hour to 20 miles per hour. Its linear momentum
is half as much

In physics, work is

Which of the following statements is correct?
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has as a result of its motion, and potential energy is the energy an object has due to its position or deformation.

A truck increases its speed. What happens to its kinetic energy?
it increases

In which of the following situations is the object’s potential energy changing?
a child sledding down a hill

Which has a greater thermal energy, coffee at 80°C in a cup or water at 80°C in a swimming pool?
The water in the pool has a greater thermal energy, because it contains many more molecules, and thermal energy measures the total energy of all the particles.

A train traveling 50 mph slows down and stops once the brakes are applied. The train’s kinetic energy
changes to the thermal energy of the brakes

When energy changes from one type to another, the total energy
remains constant

When energy changes from one type to another, the total energy remains constant.
The above statement is known as
the law of conservation of energy

A jet flying overhead produces sound waves that consist of _ that is/are transported from the jet to your ears.
energy

Which of the following lists of colors is ordered from lowest to highest frequencies?

If you hit a drum with more force, the sound the drum produces
becomes louder

The sun produces its energy in nuclear reactions. The radiation that arrives at Earth from the sun consists of
only electromagnetic waves

The wavelength of a transverse wave travelling in a rope is
the distance from crest to crest or trough to trough

In general, the __ the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, the more damaging the radiation is to cells.
shorter

In hospitals, medical instruments are usually sterilized by ____

Most of the sun’s UV-C radiation is absorbed by Earth’s
atmosphere

Which of the following is NOT a property of matter?
has the capacity to do work and cause change

Which subatomic particle is located outside the nucleus?
electrons

Which subatomic particle has approximately the same mass as the proton?
the neutron

What is shared or transferred when a chemical bond is formed?
valence electrons

How is a compound formed?
Electrons are transferred or shared between atoms.

Which of the following is an element?
copper

In white phosphorus, four phosphorus atoms are covalently bonded together. The chemical formula for white phosphorus is P4. What type of chemical is P4?
a molecule and an element

A liquid of unknown composition is heated. The liquid evaporates, and a white powder is left behind. Was the unknown substance a pure substance or a mixture?
mixture

Which of the following is NOT an organic compound?
graphite (contains pure carbon bonded in sheets)

Organic Compound
compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

In what state is matter compressible?
gas

In what state is the motion of particles lowest?
solid

Why do liquids pour?
because particles of matter slide past one another in the liquid state

Sugar forms a mixture with water. Is this a chemical change or a physical change?
a physical change

What type of change occurs when water evaporates off a sidewalk?
a physical change

Is the following change a physical change or a chemical change?

H2O + CO2 → H2CO3
a chemical change

How could a zinc ion with a charge of plus two (Zn+2) be converted to an electrically neutral zinc atom?
by the addition of two electrons

What type of chemical bond results in the formation of ions?
ionic bond

Silver ions (Ag+) and chloride ions (Cl-) react to form silver chloride (AgCl):
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl
What type of bond holds the silver and chloride ions together in silver chloride?
ionic bond

What type of chemical bond holds two atoms together in a molecule?

Use the periodic table to answer the following question. Which of the following elements will have properties MOST similar to sulfur (S)?
Oxygen (O) is in the same group as sulfur (S).

What type of element tends to lose electrons
metals

Which of the following elements is a nonmetal?
oxygen

Which type of element is located toward the left on the periodic table?
metals

Which of the following may change during a physical change?
the spacing between atoms or molecules

Hydrogen (H2) and chlorine (Cl2) can react to form hydrochloric acid according to the following balanced chemical equation:

H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

2 g + 70 g = ?
If 2 g of H2 and 70 g of Cl2 molecules react, what mass of HCl will form?
72 g

At a given temperature, most particles of matter move at an average speed. However, some particles move faster and some move slower, as shown in the following graph.

Assuming that the substance is a liquid, which particles are MOST LIKELY to evaporate?
particles moving faster than average

Why does steam burn skin?
Water vapor releases heat as it condenses on the skin, which damages the tissue.

Which of the following is an example of a substance evaporating?
Water turns to steam when it hits a hot stovetop

What force caused the hydrogen, helium, and lithium formed from the big bang to collect and form stars, planets, and other objects, as well as to form the different elements than hydrogen making up these objects?
gravity

What process generates the energy that stars emit?

Which of these effects is NOT caused by gravity?

Which of these properties characterize the outer planets compared to the inner planets?
gaseous and less dense

extremely small rocky body usually in the inner solar system
asteroid

spherical object orbiting a planet
Moon

objects from the Kulper belt or Oort cloud, made of ice and dust
comets

one of the eight large objects orbiting the sun that are large enough to become spherical from their own gravity, and to have cleared their orbit of other major object
planet

Label the Earth’s interior
Inside to Outside:
Inner Core
Outer Core
Mantle
Crust

The hottest part of Earth’s interior is its __.
inner core

A meander in a river develops primarily from __.
erosion on the side of the river where the flow is faster and deposition on the opposite side

Many cycles of water getting into this rock and expanding by freezing have produced large cracks. This is an example of __.
physical weathering

Some large rivers such as the Mississippi form a delta where they meet the ocean, with land forming that extends into the sea. The formation of a delta is the result of ___upstream where the flow is more energetic and _______ where the flow is less rapid
erosion
deposition

Which of these statements about glaciers is the MOST accurate?
Glaciers flow and reshape their surroundings by erosion, weathering, and deposition.

What conditions are needed for a sand dune to form?
lots of loose sand, an obstacle, wind

Which of these is an example of a mineral?
calcite (composed of calcium carbonate)

The correct chronological order of these events in Earth’s history was:
evolution of fish
evolution of birds
evolution and extinction of dinosaurs
humans

A geologist notices that 4 layers of rock are stacked directly on top of each other. He labels the top layer as #1 and the bottom layer as #4. Which layer is the oldest?

4

Which of these statements about fossils is correct?
The fossil record is incomplete because most organisms simply die and decay.

What does the term “Pangaea” refer to?
the landmass that all of Earth’s continents were once joined together to form

Which kind of plate boundary occurs where the plates slide past each other?
transform

Which of these are the two MOST abundant gases in our atmosphere?
The atmosphere is mostly nitrogen, and secondarily oxygen.

As height above sea level increases, the air pressure in our atmosphere____________ , and the density of the air __
.
decreases
decreases

In which layer of Earth’s atmosphere do storms and other weather phenomena occur?
troposphere

The atmospheric pressure meteorologists refer to in speaking of weather is __.
the force from the air divided by the area on which it acts

pressure is
force divided by area

The trade winds are prevailing winds that blow over long distances. Their paths curve to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. Which process causes their paths to curve?
Earth spinning on its axis

What causes wind?

A hydroelectric power plant converts the energy from flowing water in rivers into electric power. Where does the energy that converts originate?

What states of matter of water can be involved in the hydrologic cycle?
all three

Which of Earth’s natural bodies or areas of water accounts for MOST of Earth’s water?
oceans

Which of these is the cause of a hurricane?
warm ocean water producing an upflow of warm moist air

In winter, the prevailing winds from west to east pass over the relatively warm waters of the Great Lakes. At Watertown, NY, on the Eastern edge of Lake Ontario, the land rises and the winds force warm moist air upward.
What kind of winter weather would this make more likely in Watertown when the wind from the west is strong and the air is cold?
snow storms

When a cold front moves into an area with warmer air, what are the likely consequences?
warm air being pushed upward, which may produce precipitation

What is the MOST abundant greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere?
water vapor

Which of these is a source of greenhouse gases?

How does the greenhouse effect help trap thermal energy from the sun?
Greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit infrared radiation from the ground.

Rock that has changed from its original form by being subjected to high pressure and high temperature
metamorphic

rock formed when molten rock (lava or magma) cools
ignetous

rock formed when sand, silt, clay, gravel, and cobbles become physically cemented or chemically fused together into hard rock
sedimentary

Work
The displacement of an object of an applied force

Velocity
speed and direction

force
push or a pull

Larger Force = _ acceleration
larger

Net Force
Two or more forces acting together.
Sum of all forces

Balanced Forces
forces acting on an object that combine and form a net force of zero

Work
displacement of an object
force x displacement

Energy
the capacity to do work or cause change

Kinetic Energy
energy object has because they are moving

Potential Energy
energy that is stored

Electromagnetic
light

A wave transfer not __
energy
Matter

Oscillation
a repetitive motion that usually occurs about a center point or Equilibrium

High point of a wave
crest

low point of a wave
trough

center point of wave
equilibrium

From Crest to Crest or trough to trough
wavelength

From equilibrium to trough or equilibrium to crest on a wave
amplitude

Sound Waves and Ocean Waves
Mechanical Waves

Mechanical waves can only travel through _
matter
(require a “medium” to transport energy)

Electromagnetic wave
light

Electromagnetic waves do or do not require matter?
do NOT require matter

Transverse waves
perpendicular

Transverse wave motion
up and down

Longitudinal Wave
parallel

Longitudinal Wave motion
in/ out
front/back

Transverse waves can me and __
mechanical
electromagnetic

Longitudinal waves can only be _ waves
mechanical

Period
the time it takes something to happen.
a time quantity
seconds per cycle

Frequency
how often something happens
a rate qty
cycles per second

If wavelength increases then frequency _
decreses

List the electromagnetic spectrum in order
(Longest Wavelength TO Shortest) AND
(Lowest energy TO Highest energy)
(Radiation)
radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays

List the electromagnetic spectrum in order
(Lowest frequency to Highest)
(COLORS)
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo violet

Element =s
1 atom

compound atoms
atleast 2 Different atoms
O2 is NOT a compound
H20 is (two different kinds of atoms)

Chemical bond
joins compound atoms together

Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
type of compound
O2 is molecule
H20 is molecule

pure substance
only 1 type of compound of element

mixture
2 or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined

Organic compound
Compound that contain carbon and Hydrogen

Ionic bond
bond between oppositely charged ions

non metals _ electrons
gain

metals __ electrons
lose

covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

Ionic bond __ electrons
transfer

a covalent bond __ electrons
shares

metallic bond has a _ of electrons
sea

metals have _ bond
metallic bond

non metals have _– bond
covalent

metal/non metal have __ bond
ionic

Cup of water is at 80 and Swimming Pool is at 80.
is Thermal energy more, less or equal in pool?
More in Pool
Because of size

A wet shirt is put on a clothesline to dry on a sunny day. The shirt dries because:
water absorbs kinetic energy to evaporate

Why does your finger hurt when hot stem hits it from boiling water?
water vapor condenses on skin. thermal energy converts to heat

When objects are closer gravity is _
greater

gravity is _ when mass is greater
greater

Fusion
fusing nuclei together
release energy

galaxy
billions of stars together by gravity

solar system
collection that orbits a star

Comet
icy

asteroid
a small rocky body orbiting the sun

Name the planets in order from the sun
My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos.

Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune.

The Earth’s Layers
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

erosion
Takes

deposition
leaves

Delta
A landform made of sediment that is DEPOSITED where a river flows into an ocean or lake

Meanders
Curve in River
Erosion AND Deposition

Valley
V Shape
Erosion

Mineral
natural occurring element or compound
Most common is Quartz

Igneous rock
Lava/Magma rock

Sedimentary Rock
Weathered – Cemented-Layered Rock

Metamorphic Rock
Rock that is changed by heat and pressure

How old is the Earth?
4.6 billion years old

current eon
Phanerozoic Eon

Earth’s Eras
Oldest to newest

1. Precambrian
2. Paleozoic
3. Mesozoic
4. Cenozoic

techtonic plate
<– –>
Volcanos
divergent

techtonic plate
slide/rub past each other
earthquakes
Transform

techtonic plate
–> <–
earthquakes & Volcanos
convergent

Atmosphere gases
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon

Greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor

density
mass/volume

air pressure/air density is __ the higher you go
less dense

gravity pulls air particles _
down

Heat rises and is _ dense
less

atmosphere layers in order (earth to space)
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

Weather happens in what atmosphere layer
troposphere

Planes fly and the Ozone is in what atmospheric layer
stratosphere

Meteors burn up in this layer
Mesosphere

1. WHY DOES STEAM BURN YOUR SKIN?Water vapor releases heat as it condenses on the skin, which damages the tissue.2. WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SUBSTANCE EVAPORATING? Water turns to steam when it hits a hot stovetop.3. AURORAS ARE BURSTS OF LIGHT THAT HAPPEN WHEN CHARGED PARTICLES FROM THE SUN INTERACT WITH EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD AND ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN OUR ATMOSPHERE.- WHICH PHYSICAL SCIENCE IS BEST SUITED EXPLAIN THE INTERACTIONS OF THE CHARGED PARTICLES WITH EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD? Chemistry.4. THE OBSERVATIONAL BALLOON IS FILLED WITH HELIUM AND VENTED TO THE ATMOSPHERE. THEHEIGHT TI REACHES DEPENDS ON THE CHANGES OF THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE DURING THE DAY AND NIGHT CYCLE. THE SCIENCE BEST FOR STUDYING THE DAILY WARMING AND COOLING OF THE ATMOSPHERE IS . Earth science 5. WHICH PHYSICS TOPIC WOULD BE TH EMOST IMPORTANT IN CHEMISTRY? How atoms bond to each other because of electric attraction of oppositely charged electrons and nuclei 6. WHICH TERM BEST DESCRIBES A RESEARCH PROJECT THAT INVOLVES SENDING A SPACE PROBE TO A DISTANT ASTEROID TO LAND ON IT AND COLLECT DATA? A field study7. WHICH FIELD DEPENDS THE MOST ON OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES? Chemistry8. IN WHAT SENSE WAS RUTHERFORDS PLANETARY MODEL OF THE ATOM A MODEL? It was an ideal atom for other atoms to imitate9. ISSAC NEWTON WAS REPORTEDLY THINKING ABOUT THE MOTION OF THE MOON WHEN HE NOTICED AN APPLE FALL, AND GOT THE IDEA THAT THE SAME FORCE OF GRAVITY PULLING THE APPLE TOWARD EARTH CONTROLS THE MOTION OF THE MOON. BEFORE NEWTON HAD TESTED THIS IDEA BY DOING CALCULTATIONS AND COMPARING THEM WITH ASTRONOMICAL DATA. NEWTONS IDEA WOULD MOST ACCURATLEY BE CALLED A _____? Hypothesis10. WHAT STATEMENT MOST ACCURATELY DESCRIBES HOW OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS, AS BEING COMPOSED OF ELECTRONS, PROTONS, AND NEUTRONS, DEVELOPED? Our understanding of atoms came piece by piece from many different scientific researchers11. WHAT MAY CHANGE DURING A PHYSICAL CHANGE?The spacing between atoms or molecules12. HYDROGEN(H) AND CHLORINE (CI) CAN REACT TO FORM HYDROCHLORIC ACID ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION: H2+ CI2 -> 2HCI 2g+70 g. IF 2g OF H2, AND 70g OF CI2 MOLECULES REACT, WHAT MASS OF HCI WILL FORM? 72g13. WHICH TYPE OF EMELMENT IS LOCATED TOWARD THE LEFT ON THE PERIODIC TABLE? Metals
2. FOR WHICH CASE IS THERE A NET FORCE ACTING ON THE OBJECT? A rocket accelerating upward at a rate of 5 m/s2 15. TWO TUG BOATS ATTACH THEIR LINES TO A SEPARATE BARGES WITH THE SAME MASSES IN A SHIPPING CHANNEL. IF ONE TUGBOAT PULLS BARGE A TOWARDS THE WEST WHILE THE OTHER TUGBOAT PULLS BARGE B IN THE SAME DIRECTION APPLYING TWICE AS MUCH FORCE. WHICH BARGE WILL ACCELERATE MORE?Barge B16. INERTIA DEPENDS ON AN OBJECTS ______?Mass17. IF YOU PRESS YOUR HAND DOWNWARD ON A BOOK LYING ON A TABLE, THE REACTION FORCE TO YOUR HAND IS ___?The book pushing up against your hand18. A DRIVER USES A FORKLIFT TO PUSH A FULL CART OF BRICKS HALFWAY DOWN AN AISLE WITH A FORCE OF 20 NEWTONS. IF A DRIVER PUSHES AN EMPTY CART THE REST OF THE WAY DOWN THE AISLE USING THE SAME 20 NEWTONS OF FORCE, HOW DOES THE ACCELERATION OF THE EMPTY CART COMPARE WITH THAT OF THE FULL CART OF BRICKS?The acceleration of the empty cart will be more than that of the full cart because it has less mass19. A NON-ZERO NET FORCE IS NECESSARY TO ? Cause acceleration20. IF THE NET FORCE ACTING ON AN OBJECT IS HALVED, HOW WILL THE ACCELERATION CHANGE?The acceleration will be half as much21. WHICH IS A NONMETAL? Oxygen22. WHAT TYPE OF ELEMENT TENDS TO LOSE ELECTRONS? Metal 23. WHICH ELEMENT WILL HAVE PROPERTIES MOST SIMILAR TO SULFUR (S)? Oxygen (O)24. THE SUN PRODUCES ITS ENERGY IN NUCLEAR REACTIONS. THE RADIATION THAT ARRIVES AT EARTH FROM THE SUN CONSISTS OF ______________. Only electromagnetic waves25. THE SPEED OF A SOUND WAVE DEPENDS ON _. The medium26. SCATTERING SAND ON ICY ROADS IS USED TO INCREASE ______. Friction27. THE FORCE THAT KEEPS AN ASTRONAUT ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON, INSTEAD OF FLOATINGIN SPACE IS CALLED ____? Gravity28. A CAR DECREASES ITS SPEED FROM 40 MILES PER HOUR TO 20 MILES PER HOUR. ITS LINEAR MOMENTUM IS _____? Half as much29. IN PHYSICS, WORK IS __________. The energy transferred from one object to another via a force
3. A TRUCK INCREASES ITS SPEED. WHAT HAPPENS TO ITS KINETIC ENERGY? It increases31. WHICH HAS A GREATER THERMAL ENERGY, COFFEE AT 80C IN A CUP OR WATER AT 80C IN A SWIMMING POOL? The water in a pool has a greater thermal energy because it contains many more molecules, and thermal energy measures the total energy of all the particles32. A TRAIN TRAVELING 50 MPH SLOWS DOWN AND STOPS ONCE THE BREAKS ARE APPLIED, THE TRAINS KINETIC ENERGY ______. Changes to the thermal energy of the brakes33. A MOVING VAN WORKER NOTICES THAT THE AMOUNT OF FORCE THAT HE HAS TO APPLY TO GETA COACH TO START MOVING ACROSS A ROOM DEPENDS ON THE _ OF THE COACH BECAUSE OF INERTIA. Mass34. IF THE ACCELERATION OF AN EMPTY TRUCK IS 1.5M/S^2, WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO ITS ACCELERATION IF IT IS FULLY LOADED AND ITS TOTAL MASS DOUBLES? The acceleration will be half as much35. IF WE COULD STOP A PLANET FOR JUST AN INSTANT AND THEN LET IT GO, WHAT WOULD HAPPEN TO IT? It would fall into the sun due to its gravitational pull36. THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF TOTAL LINEAR MOMENTUM STATES THAT __. Any momentum lost by one object in a collision will be gained by the other.37. A BRICK IS DRAGGED ACROSS A CONCRETE FLOOR. THE TYPE OF FRICTION THAT ACTS BETWEEN THE BRICK AND THE FLOOR IS _ FRICTION. Kinetic 38. WHY IS APPLIED FORCE NECESSERY TO KEEP MOST OBJECTS IN OUR WORLD MOVING AT A CONSTANT VELOCITY? Because a frictional opposing motion acts on most objects39. CONDSIDER A BOX LYING ON A TABLE. IF ANOTHER BOX IS STACKED ON TOP OF IT, HOW WILL THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE (WEIGHT) ON THE TOP BOX AFFECT THE FRICTIONAL FORCE BETWEEN THE BOTTOM BOX & THE TABLE IF SOMEONE PUSHES SLOWLY ON THE LOWER BOX? The frictional force will increase 40. IF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN EARTH AND SUN WERE DECREASED, HOW WOULD THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE BETWEEN THEM CHANGE? The gravitational force would increase41. WHAT PARTICLES IS DESCRIBED AS THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER? Atoms
4. THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF IRON IS 26. WHAT DOES THIS TELL YOU ABOUT AN ATOM OF IRON? An atom of iron has 26 protons43. – IS THE STUDY OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES, THEIR STRUCTURES, AND THEIR INTERACTIONS TO FORM NEW SUBSTANCES. Chemistry44. IRON ORE CONSISTS MAINLY OF IRON ATOMS AND OXYGEN ATOMS JOINED TO EACH OTHER TO FORM IRON OXIDE. WHICH BRANCH OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE MOST DIRECTLY DEALS WITH DETERMING THE KINDS OF ROCK FORMATIONS LIKELY TO CONTAIN IRON ORE? Earth science45. TECTONIC PLATES FROM EACH OTHER AT A DIVERGENT BOUNDARY. Move away46. GEOLOGISTS HAVE FOUND TRILOBITES, MARINE ANIMALS THAT LIVED DURING THE PALEOZOIC ERA, IN NEBRASKA. THIS DISCOVERY SUGGESTS THAT DURING THE PALEOZOIC EARM THE STATE WAS ______. Part of an ancient sea47. THE VARIABLE THAT A SCIENTIST CHANGES IN AN EXPERIMENT IS CALLED THE . Independent variable48. WHICH FIELD RELIES THE MOST ON LABORATORY STUDIES? Chemistry49. WHAT TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF IONS? Ionic bond50. WHAT TYPE OF CHANGE OCCURS WHEN WATER EVAPORATES OFF A SIDEWALK? A physical change51. THE FOLLOWING CHANGE IS A CHANGE H2O+CO2 -> H2CO3 Chemical change52. WHY DO LIQUIDS POUR? Because particles of matter slide past one another in the liquid state53. SUGAR FORMS A MIXTURE WITH WATER. IS THIS A CHEMICAL CHANGE OR A PHYSICAL CHANGE? A physical change54. IN WHAT STATE IS THE MOTION OF PARTICLES LOWEST? Solid
5. A LIQUID OF UNKNOWN COMPOSITION IS HEATED. THE LIQUID EVAPORATES, AND A WHITE POWDER IS LEFT BEHIND. WAS THE UNKNOWN SUBSTANCE A PURE SUBSTANCE OR A MIXTURE? Mixture56. COPPER CONTAINS A SINGLE TYPE OF ATOM, SO IT IS AN _. Element57. WHAT IS SHARED OR TRANSFERRED WHEN A CHEMICAL BOND IS FORMED? Valence electrons58. WHICH SUBATOMIC PARTICLE HAS APPROXIMATELY THE SAME MASS AS THE PROTON? The neutron59. WHICH SUBATOMIC PARTICLE IS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS? Electrons60. THE _ THE WAVELENGTH OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, THE MORE DAMAGING THE RADIATION IS TO CELLS. Shorter61. IN HOSPITALS, MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS ARE USUALLY STERILIZED BY _. Ultraviolet light62. MOST OF THE SUNS UV-C RADIATION IS ABSORBED BY EARTHS . Atmosphere63. A JET FLYING OVERHEAD PRODUCES SOUND WAVES THAT CONSIST OF THAT IS/ARE TRANSPORTED FROM THE JET TO YOUR EARS. Energy64. WHAT ARE THE COLORS IN ORDER FROM LOWEST TO HIGHEST FEQUENCIES? Red, yellow, green, blue65. WHEN ENERGY CHANGES FROM ONE TYPE TO ANOTHER, THE TOTAL ENERGY .THE ABOVE STATEMENT IS KNOWN AS _________. Remains constant/ the law of conservation of energy66. A BRICK IS DRAGGED ACROSS A CONCRETE FLOOR. THE TYPE OF FRICTION THAT ACTS BETWEEN THE BRICK AND THE FLOOR IS _ FRICTION. Kinetic67. WHY IS AN APPLIED FORCE NECESSARY TO KEEP MOST OBJECTS IN OUR WORLD MOVING AT A CONSTANT VELOCITY? Because a frictional opposing motion acts on most objects68. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SUBATOMIC PARTICLES IS NEGATIVELY CHARGED? Electrons69. A CHEMIST IS WORKING WITH THREE DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE. EACH SAMPLE IS A DIFFERENT STATE. IN WHICH STATE OF MATTER ARE THE PARTICLES MOVING THE FASTES: SOLD, LIQUID, OR GAS? Gas70. CALCITE IS A VERY COMMON COMPONENT OF EARTH’S CRUST. CALCITE IS CLASSIFIED AS A . Mineral71. DINOSAURS LIVED IN THE ____ERA. Mesozoic72. WHICH PHYSICAL SCIENCE MOST DIRECTLY DEALS WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL NATURE OF TIME, SPACE, ENERGY FORCES AND MOTION OF MATTER? Physics73. THE STATEMENT, “THE TOTAL ENERGY IN A CLOSED SYSTEM STAYS CONSTANT.” IS BASED ON MANY YEARS OF EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS. THE STATEMENT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A . Law74. A SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS DISCARDED IF __________. It is contradicted by new experiments or observations.75. IF NEW DATA WERE FOUND TO DISAGREE WITH A LONG-STANDING THEORY, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING COULD HAPPEN? The theory could be modified or discarded76. USING THE BASE SI UNIT FOR TEMPERATURE, THE BOILING POINT OF WATER CAN BE WRITTEN AS? 373 K77. WHAT IS THE SI BASE UNIT FOR MASS? kilogram78. A CAR IS MOVING FORWARD AND ITS BRAKES ARE BEING APPLIED- WHAT HAPPENS WITH THE ACCELERATION AND VELOCITY? The car’s velocity is forward, and its acceleration is backward 79. WHAT FORCE CAUSED THE HYDROGEN, HELLIUM, AND LITHIUM FORMED FROM THE BIG BANF TO COLLECT AND FORM STARS, PLANETS, AND OTHER OBJECTS, AS WELL AS TO FORM THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS THAN HYDROGEN MAKING UP THESE OBJECTS? gravity
6. WHICH PROPERTIES CHARACTERIZE THE OUTER PLANETS COMPARED TO THE INNER PLANETS? Gaseous and less dense81. THE HOTTEST PART OF THE EARTHS INTERIOR IS ITS __. Inner core82. A MEANER IN A RIVER DEVELOPS PRIMARILY FROM _.Erosion on the side of the river where the flow is faster and deposition on the opposite side 83. CALCITE IS COMPOSED OF CALCIUM CARBONATE, THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A . Mineral84. THE CORRECT CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF THESE EVENTS IN EARTHS HISTORY WAS: First evolution of __, then evolution of _, then evolution and extinction of , and then _. Fish, birds, dinosaurs, humans85. WHAT ARE THE TWO MOST ABUNDENT GASES IN OUT ATMOSPHERE? Nitrogen and oxygen 86. AS HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL INCREASES, THE AIR PRESSURE IN OUR ATMOSPHERE _ AND THE DENSITY OF THE AIR ___. Decreases, decreases87. IN WHICH LAYER OF EARHTS ATMOSPHERE DO STORMS AND OTHER WEATHER PHENOMENA OCCUR? Troposphere88. THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE METEOROLOGISTS REFER TO IN SPEAKING OF WEATHER IS _? The force from the air divided by the area on which it acts89. THE TRADE WINDS ARE PREVAILING WINDS THAT BLOW OVER LONG DISTANCES. THEIR PATHS CURVE TO THE RIGHT IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND TO THE LEFT IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. WHICH PROCESS CAUSES THEIR PATHS TO CURVE? Earth spinning on its axis90. WHAT MECHANISM CAUSES THE MOTION OF AIR THAT LEADS TO CONVECTION CELLS? Heated air being pushed up and colder air sinking91. WHAT STATES OF MATTER OF WATER CAN BE INVOLVED IN THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE? All three- solid, liquid, gas
7. WHICH OF EARTHS NATURAL BODIES OR AREAS OF WATER ACCOUNTS FOR THE MOST OF EARTHS WATER? Oceans93. WARM OCEAN WATER PRODUCING AN UPFLOW OF WARM MOST AIR CAUSES WHAT? Hurricane94. WHEN A COLD FRONT MOVES INTO AN AREA WITH WARMER AIR, WHAT ARE THE LIKELY CONSEQUENCES? Warm air being pushed upward, which may produce precipitation95. WHAT IS THE MOST ABUNDANT GREENHOUSE GAS IN EARTHS ATMOSPHERE? Water vapor96. HOW DOES THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT HELP TRAP THERMAL ENERGY FROM THE SUN? Greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit infrared radiation from the ground97. ROCK THAT HAS CHANGED FROM ITS ORIGINAL FORM BY BEING SUBJECTED TO HIGH PRESSURE AND HIGH TEMPERATURE _-. Metamorphic98. ROCH FORMED WHEN MOLTEN ROCK (LAVA OR MAGMA) COOLS _. Igneous 99. ROCK FORMED WHEN SAND, SILT, CLAY, GRAVEL AND COBBLES BECOME PHYSICALLY CEMENTED OR CHEMICALLY FUSED TOGETHER INTO HARD ROCK Sedimentary