ATI PN PHARMACOLOGY(26 LATEST VERSIONS) 2022-2023 PROCTORED EXAM TEST BANK 26 LATEST VERSIONS|AGRADE

Patient identifiers
-Medical record number
-home telephone number

What lab values should a nurse monitor for a patient with chronic renal failure?
■ Urinalysis
☐ Hematuria, proteinuria, and alterations in specific gravity
☐ Serum creatinine

• Gradual increase of 1 to 2 mg/dL per every 24 to 48 hr for acute renal
  failure (ARF)
• Gradual increase over months to years for chronic renal failure (CRF)
  exceeding 4 mg/dL
  ■ Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
• 80 to 100 mg/dL within 1 week with ARF
• Gradual increase with elevated serum creatinine over months to years for
  CRF
• 180-200 mg/dL with (CRF)
  ■ Serum electrolytes
• Decreased sodium (dilutional) and calcium, increased potassium,
  phosphorus, and magnesium
  ■ Complete blood count (CBC)
• Decreased hemoglobin

What food should you increase when taking Lasix?
-increased amounts of potassium-rich foods (e.g., bananas, prunes, raisins, and orange juice)

Patient reports IV discomfort, what is your first action?
color and temperature

Sumatriptan (treats migraine headaches) adverse effect
pain, tightness, pressure, or heaviness in the chest, throat, neck, and/or jaw

slow or difficult speech

Know about Transdermal patch
-• Apply at the same time once each day,
preferably in the morning. Keep patch on
for 12 to 14 hr each day.

• Remove the patch at night to reduce
  the risk of developing tolerance to
  nitroglycerin. Be medication-free a
  minimum of 10 to 12 hr each day (usually
  at night).
• Do not cut patches to ensure appropriate
  dosage.
• Place the patch on a hairless area of skin
  (chest, back, or abdomen) and rotate sites
  to prevent skin irritation.
• Wash skin with soap and water and dry
  thoroughly before applying new patch.

RBC Blood transfusion
http://www.atitesting.com/ati_next_gen/FocusedReview/data/datacontext/RM%20AMS%20RN%208.0%20Chp%2044.pdf (prime with normal saline and infuse with sodium chloride).

What to understand about Parkinson’s Meds?
-they don’t cure disease, they slow the process.

NEUPOGEN (filgrastim)-what is the appropriate route of this med?
administered by subcutaneous injection or IV infusion

Lisinopril therapeutic effect
blood pressure answer (e.g. 120/80)

Medication for Schizophrenia
risperidone, Risperdal

Macrodantin medication
used to treat or prevent certain urinary tract infections

Haldol-inform if you are taking __ medication.
-benzodiazepine class of anti-anxiety drugs (all ending with “pam”) and even, Xanax.

Fosomax
same as-Alendronate is used for treating osteoporosis in men and postmenopausal women.

Lipitor
-lowers cholesterol in blood, “statins”. Reduce LDL and total cholesterol. Raise HDL.

Garamycin-
Antibiotic that is toxic to the kidney, injected for radiology studies.

Digoxin side effects
-Fatigue
-Bradycardia
-Anorexia
-Nausea/Vomiting

Singulair
used before exercise to prevent breathing problems during exercise (bronchospasm).

What medication to administer with Tylenol overdose?
acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) must be given IV

HPV vaccine
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV2, HPV4) – -Three doses should be given over a 6 month
-interval for females at 11 to 12 years of age (minimum age is 9 years).
-The second dose should be administered 2 months after the first dose, and the third dose should be administered 6 months after the first dose.
-HPV4 may be given to males starting at age 9 years of age.

Opioid toxicity-what to check first
oxygen saturation

Valporic Acid lab
liver

Lithium report immediately
slurred speech

Prednisone report
sore throat

Food to avoid when taking Lithium
-salty foods
-alcoholic beverages

Labs for patients taking hydrothiazide
Periodic determination of serum electrolytes to detect possible electrolyte imbalance should be done at appropriate intervals.

1) A nurse is caring for a client with hyperparathyroidism and notes that the client’s serum calcium level is 13 mg/dL. Which medication should the nurse prepare to administer as prescribed to the client?

1. Calcium chloride
2. Calcium gluconate
3. Calcitonin (Miacalcin)
4. Large doses of vitamin D
5. Calcitonin (Miacalcin)
   Rationale:
   The normal serum calcium level is 8.6 to 10.0 mg/dL. This client is experiencing hypercalcemia. Calcium gluconate and calcium chloride are medications used for the treatment of tetany, which occurs as a result of acute hypocalcemia. In hypercalcemia, large doses of vitamin D need to be avoided. Calcitonin, a thyroid hormone, decreases the plasma calcium level by inhibiting bone resorption and lowering the serum calcium concentration.

2.) Oral iron supplements are prescribed for a 6-year-old child with iron deficiency anemia. The nurse instructs the mother to administer the iron with which best food item?

1. Milk
2. Water
3. Apple juice
4. Orange juice
5. Orange juice
   Rationale:
   Vitamin C increases the absorption of iron by the body. The mother should be instructed to administer the medication with a citrus fruit or a juice that is high in vitamin C. Milk may affect absorption of the iron. Water will not assist in absorption. Orange juice contains a greater amount of vitamin C than apple juice.

3.) Salicylic acid is prescribed for a client with a diagnosis of psoriasis. The nurse monitors the client, knowing that which of the following would indicate the presence of systemic toxicity from this medication?

1. Tinnitus
2. Diarrhea
3. Constipation
4. Decreased respirations
5. Tinnitus
   Rationale:
   Salicylic acid is absorbed readily through the skin, and systemic toxicity (salicylism) can result. Symptoms include tinnitus, dizziness, hyperpnea, and psychological disturbances. Constipation and diarrhea are not associated with salicylism.

4.) The camp nurse asks the children preparing to swim in the lake if they have applied sunscreen. The nurse reminds the children that chemical sunscreens are most effective when applied:

1. Immediately before swimming
2. 15 minutes before exposure to the sun
3. Immediately before exposure to the sun
4. At least 30 minutes before exposure to the sun
5. At least 30 minutes before exposure to the sun
   Rationale:
   Sunscreens are most effective when applied at least 30 minutes before exposure to the sun so that they can penetrate the skin. All sunscreens should be reapplied after swimming or sweating.

5.) Mafenide acetate (Sulfamylon) is prescribed for the client with a burn injury. When applying the medication, the client complains of local discomfort and burning. Which of the following is the most appropriate nursing action?

1. Notifying the registered nurse
2. Discontinuing the medication
3. Informing the client that this is normal
4. Applying a thinner film than prescribed to the burn site
5. Informing the client that this is normal
   Rationale:
   Mafenide acetate is bacteriostatic for gram-negative and gram-positive organisms and is used to treat burns to reduce bacteria present in avascular tissues. The client should be informed that the medication will cause local discomfort and burning and that this is a normal reaction; therefore options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect

6.) The burn client is receiving treatments of topical mafenide acetate (Sulfamylon) to the site of injury. The nurse monitors the client, knowing that which of the following indicates that a systemic effect has occurred?
1.Hyperventilation
2.Elevated blood pressure
3.Local pain at the burn site
4.Local rash at the burn site
1.Hyperventilation
Rationale:
Mafenide acetate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and can suppress renal excretion of acid, thereby causing acidosis. Clients receiving this treatment should be monitored for signs of an acid-base imbalance (hyperventilation). If this occurs, the medication should be discontinued for 1 to 2 days. Options 3 and 4 describe local rather than systemic effects. An elevated blood pressure may be expected from the pain that occurs with a burn injury.

7.) Isotretinoin is prescribed for a client with severe acne. Before the administration of this medication, the nurse anticipates that which laboratory test will be prescribed?

1. Platelet count
2. Triglyceride level
3. Complete blood count
4. White blood cell count
5. Triglyceride level
   Rationale:
   Isotretinoin can elevate triglyceride levels. Blood triglyceride levels should be measured before treatment and periodically thereafter until the effect on the triglycerides has been evaluated. Options 1, 3, and 4 do not need to be monitored specifically during this treatment.

8.) A client with severe acne is seen in the clinic and the health care provider (HCP) prescribes isotretinoin. The nurse reviews the client’s medication record and would contact the (HCP) if the client is taking which medication?

1. Vitamin A
2. Digoxin (Lanoxin)
3. Furosemide (Lasix)
4. Phenytoin (Dilantin)
5. Vitamin A
   Rationale:
   Isotretinoin is a metabolite of vitamin A and can produce generalized intensification of isotretinoin toxicity. Because of the potential for increased toxicity, vitamin A supplements should be discontinued before isotretinoin therapy. Options 2, 3, and 4 are not contraindicated with the use of isotretinoin.

9.) The nurse is applying a topical corticosteroid to a client with eczema. The nurse would monitor for the potential for increased systemic absorption of the medication if the medication were being applied to which of the following body areas?

1. Back
2. Axilla
3. Soles of the feet
4. Palms of the hands
5. Axilla
   Rationale:
   Topical corticosteroids can be absorbed into the systemic circulation. Absorption is higher from regions where the skin is especially permeable (scalp, axilla, face, eyelids, neck, perineum, genitalia), and lower from regions in which permeability is poor (back, palms, soles).

10.) The clinic nurse is performing an admission assessment on a client. The nurse notes that the client is taking azelaic acid (Azelex). Because of the medication prescription, the nurse would suspect that the client is being treated for:

1. Acne
2. Eczema
3. Hair loss
4. Herpes simplex
5. Acne
   Rationale:
   Azelaic acid is a topical medication used to treat mild to moderate acne. The acid appears to work by suppressing the growth of Propionibacterium acnes and decreasing the proliferation of keratinocytes. Options 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

11.) The health care provider has prescribed silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) for the client with a partial-thickness burn, which has cultured positive for gram-negative bacteria. The nurse is reinforcing information to the client about the medication. Which statement made by the client indicates a lack of understanding about the treatments?

1. “The medication is an antibacterial.”
2. “The medication will help heal the burn.”
3. “The medication will permanently stain my skin.”
4. “The medication should be applied directly to the wound.”
5. “The medication will permanently stain my skin.”
   Rationale:
   Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) is an antibacterial that has a broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and yeast. It is applied directly to the wound to assist in healing. It does not stain the skin.

12.) A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving an intravenous (IV) infusion of an antineoplastic medication. During the infusion, the client complains of pain at the insertion site. During an inspection of the site, the nurse notes redness and swelling and that the rate of infusion of the medication has slowed. The nurse should take which appropriate action?

1. Notify the registered nurse.
2. Administer pain medication to reduce the discomfort.
3. Apply ice and maintain the infusion rate, as prescribed.
4. Elevate the extremity of the IV site, and slow the infusion.
5. Notify the registered nurse.
   Rationale:
   When antineoplastic medications (Chemotheraputic Agents) are administered via IV, great care must be taken to prevent the medication from escaping into the tissues surrounding the injection site, because pain, tissue damage, and necrosis can result. The nurse monitors for signs of extravasation, such as redness or swelling at the insertion site and a decreased infusion rate. If extravasation occurs, the registered nurse needs to be notified; he or she will then contact the health care provider.

13.) The client with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is receiving bleomycin intravenously. The nurse caring for the client anticipates that which diagnostic study will be prescribed?

1. Echocardiography
2. Electrocardiography
3. Cervical radiography
4. Pulmonary function studies
5. Pulmonary function studies
   Rationale:
   Bleomycin is an antineoplastic medication (Chemotheraputic Agents) that can cause interstitial pneumonitis, which can progress to pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary function studies along with hematological, hepatic, and renal function tests need to be monitored. The nurse needs to monitor lung sounds for dyspnea and crackles, which indicate pulmonary toxicity. The medication needs to be discontinued immediately if pulmonary toxicity occurs. Options 1, 2, and 3 are unrelated to the specific use of this medication.

14.) The client with acute myelocytic leukemia is being treated with busulfan (Myleran). Which laboratory value would the nurse specifically monitor during treatment with this medication?

1. Clotting time
2. Uric acid level
3. Potassium level
4. Blood glucose level
5. Uric acid level
   Rationale:
   Busulfan (Myleran) can cause an increase in the uric acid level. Hyperuricemia can produce uric acid nephropathy, renal stones, and acute renal failure. Options 1, 3, and 4 are not specifically related to this medication.

15.) The client with small cell lung cancer is being treated with etoposide (VePesid). The nurse who is assisting in caring for the client during its administration understands that which side effect is specifically associated with this medication?

1. Alopecia
2. Chest pain
3. Pulmonary fibrosis
4. Orthostatic hypotension
5. Orthostatic hypotension
   Rationale:
   A side effect specific to etoposide is orthostatic hypotension. The client’s blood pressure is monitored during the infusion. Hair loss occurs with nearly all the antineoplastic medications. Chest pain and pulmonary fibrosis are unrelated to this medication.

16.) The clinic nurse is reviewing a teaching plan for the client receiving an antineoplastic medication. When implementing the plan, the nurse tells the client:

1. To take aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) as needed for headache
2. Drink beverages containing alcohol in moderate amounts each evening
3. Consult with health care providers (HCPs) before receiving immunizations
4. That it is not necessary to consult HCPs before receiving a flu vaccine at the local health fair
5. Consult with health care providers (HCPs) before receiving immunizations
   Rationale:
   Because antineoplastic medications lower the resistance of the body, clients must be informed not to receive immunizations without a HCP’s approval. Clients also need to avoid contact with individuals who have recently received a live virus vaccine. Clients need to avoid aspirin and aspirin-containing products to minimize the risk of bleeding, and they need to avoid alcohol to minimize the risk of toxicity and side effects.

17.) The client with ovarian cancer is being treated with vincristine (Oncovin). The nurse monitors the client, knowing that which of the following indicates a side effect specific to this medication?

1. Diarrhea
2. Hair loss
3. Chest pain
4. Numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes
5. Numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes
   Rationale:
   A side effect specific to vincristine is peripheral neuropathy, which occurs in almost every client. Peripheral neuropathy can be manifested as numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes. Depression of the Achilles tendon reflex may be the first clinical sign indicating peripheral neuropathy. Constipation rather than diarrhea is most likely to occur with this medication, although diarrhea may occur occasionally. Hair loss occurs with nearly all the antineoplastic medications. Chest pain is unrelated to this medication.

18.) The nurse is reviewing the history and physical examination of a client who will be receiving asparaginase (Elspar), an antineoplastic agent. The nurse consults with the registered nurse regarding the administration of the medication if which of the following is documented in the client’s history?

1. Pancreatitis
2. Diabetes mellitus
3. Myocardial infarction
4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
5. Pancreatitis
   Rationale:
   Asparaginase (Elspar) is contraindicated if hypersensitivity exists, in pancreatitis, or if the client has a history of pancreatitis. The medication impairs pancreatic function and pancreatic function tests should be performed before therapy begins and when a week or more has elapsed between administration of the doses. The client needs to be monitored for signs of pancreatitis, which include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The conditions noted in options 2, 3, and 4 are not contraindicated with this medication.

19.) Tamoxifen is prescribed for the client with metastatic breast carcinoma. The nurse understands that the primary action of this medication is to:

1. Increase DNA and RNA synthesis.
2. Promote the biosynthesis of nucleic acids.
3. Increase estrogen concentration and estrogen response.
4. Compete with estradiol for binding to estrogen in tissues containing high concentrations of receptors.
5. Compete with estradiol for binding to estrogen in tissues containing high concentrations of receptors.
   Rationale:
   Tamoxifen is an antineoplastic medication that competes with estradiol for binding to estrogen in tissues containing high concentrations of receptors. Tamoxifen is used to treat metastatic breast carcinoma in women and men. Tamoxifen is also effective in delaying the recurrence of cancer following mastectomy. Tamoxifen reduces DNA synthesis and estrogen response.

20.) The client with metastatic breast cancer is receiving tamoxifen. The nurse specifically monitors which laboratory value while the client is taking this medication?

1. Glucose level
2. Calcium level
3. Potassium level
4. Prothrombin time
5. Calcium level
   Rationale:
   Tamoxifen may increase calcium, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Before the initiation of therapy, a complete blood count, platelet count, and serum calcium levels should be assessed. These blood levels, along with cholesterol and triglyceride levels, should be monitored periodically during therapy. The nurse should assess for hypercalcemia while the client is taking this medication. Signs of hypercalcemia include increased urine volume, excessive thirst, nausea, vomiting, constipation, hypotonicity of muscles, and deep bone and flank pain.

21.) A nurse is assisting with caring for a client with cancer who is receiving cisplatin. Select the adverse effects that the nurse monitors for that are associated with this medication. Select all that apply.

1. Tinnitus
2. Ototoxicity
3. Hyperkalemia
4. Hypercalcemia
5. Nephrotoxicity
6. Hypomagnesemia
7. Tinnitus
8. Ototoxicity
9. Nephrotoxicity
10. Hypomagnesemia
    Rationale:
    Cisplatin is an alkylating medication. Alkylating medications are cell cycle phase-nonspecific medications that affect the synthesis of DNA by causing the cross-linking of DNA to inhibit cell reproduction. Cisplatin may cause ototoxicity, tinnitus, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and nephrotoxicity. Amifostine (Ethyol) may be administered before cisplatin to reduce the potential for renal toxicity.

22.) A nurse is caring for a client after thyroidectomy and notes that calcium gluconate is prescribed for the client. The nurse determines that this medication has been prescribed to:

1. Treat thyroid storm.
2. Prevent cardiac irritability.
3. Treat hypocalcemic tetany.
4. Stimulate the release of parathyroid hormone.
5. Treat hypocalcemic tetany.
   Rationale:
   Hypocalcemia can develop after thyroidectomy if the parathyroid glands are accidentally removed or injured during surgery. Manifestations develop 1 to 7 days after surgery. If the client develops numbness and tingling around the mouth, fingertips, or toes or muscle spasms or twitching, the health care provider is notified immediately. Calcium gluconate should be kept at the bedside.

23.) A client who has been newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus has been stabilized with daily insulin injections. Which information should the nurse teach when carrying out plans for discharge?

1. Keep insulin vials refrigerated at all times.
2. Rotate the insulin injection sites systematically.
3. Increase the amount of insulin before unusual exercise.
4. Monitor the urine acetone level to determine the insulin dosage.
5. Rotate the insulin injection sites systematically.
   Rationale:
   Insulin dosages should not be adjusted or increased before unusual exercise. If acetone is found in the urine, it may possibly indicate the need for additional insulin. To minimize the discomfort associated with insulin injections, the insulin should be administered at room temperature. Injection sites should be systematically rotated from one area to another. The client should be instructed to give injections in one area, about 1 inch apart, until the whole area has been used and then to change to another site. This prevents dramatic changes in daily insulin absorption.

24.) A nurse is reinforcing teaching for a client regarding how to mix regular insulin and NPH insulin in the same syringe. Which of the following actions, if performed by the client, indicates the need for further teaching?

1. Withdraws the NPH insulin first
2. Withdraws the regular insulin first
3. Injects air into NPH insulin vial first
4. Injects an amount of air equal to the desired dose of insulin into the vial
5. Withdraws the NPH insulin first
   Rationale:
   When preparing a mixture of regular insulin with another insulin preparation, the regular insulin is drawn into the syringe first. This sequence will avoid contaminating the vial of regular insulin with insulin of another type. Options 2, 3, and 4 identify the correct actions for preparing NPH and regular insulin.

25.) A home care nurse visits a client recently diagnosed with diabetes mellitus who is taking Humulin NPH insulin daily. The client asks the nurse how to store the unopened vials of insulin. The nurse tells the client to:

1. Freeze the insulin.
2. Refrigerate the insulin.
3. Store the insulin in a dark, dry place.
4. Keep the insulin at room temperature.
5. Refrigerate the insulin.
   Rationale:
   Insulin in unopened vials should be stored under refrigeration until needed. Vials should not be frozen. When stored unopened under refrigeration, insulin can be used up to the expiration date on the vial. Options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

26.) Glimepiride (Amaryl) is prescribed for a client with diabetes mellitus. A nurse reinforces instructions for the client and tells the client to avoid which of the following while taking this medication?

1. Alcohol
2. Organ meats
3. Whole-grain cereals
4. Carbonated beverages
5. Alcohol
   Rationale:
   When alcohol is combined with glimepiride (Amaryl), a disulfiram-like reaction may occur. This syndrome includes flushing, palpitations, and nausea. Alcohol can also potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of the medication. Clients need to be instructed to avoid alcohol consumption while taking this medication. The items in options 2, 3, and 4 do not need to be avoided.

27.) Sildenafil (Viagra) is prescribed to treat a client with erectile dysfunction. A nurse reviews the client’s medical record and would question the prescription if which of the following is noted in the client’s history?

1. Neuralgia
2. Insomnia
3. Use of nitroglycerin
4. Use of multivitamins
5. Use of nitroglycerin
   Rationale:
   Sildenafil (Viagra) enhances the vasodilating effect of nitric oxide in the corpus cavernosum of the penis, thus sustaining an erection. Because of the effect of the medication, it is contraindicated with concurrent use of organic nitrates and nitroglycerin. Sildenafil is not contraindicated with the use of vitamins. Neuralgia and insomnia are side effects of the medication.

28.) The health care provider (HCP) prescribes exenatide (Byetta) for a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus who takes insulin. The nurse knows that which of the following is the appropriate intervention?

1. The medication is administered within 60 minutes before the morning and evening meal.
2. The medication is withheld and the HCP is called to question the prescription for the client.
3. The client is monitored for gastrointestinal side effects after administration of the medication.
4. The insulin is withdrawn from the Penlet into an insulin syringe to prepare for administration.
5. The medication is withheld and the HCP is called to question the prescription for the client.
   Rationale:
   Exenatide (Byetta) is an incretin mimetic used for type 2 diabetes mellitus only. It is not recommended for clients taking insulin. Hence, the nurse should hold the medication and question the HCP regarding this prescription. Although options 1 and 3 are correct statements about the medication, in this situation the medication should not be administered. The medication is packaged in prefilled pens ready for injection without the need for drawing it up into another syringe.

29.) A client is taking Humulin NPH insulin daily every morning. The nurse reinforces instructions for the client and tells the client that the most likely time for a hypoglycemic reaction to occur is:

1. 2 to 4 hours after administration
2. 4 to 12 hours after administration
3. 16 to 18 hours after administration
4. 18 to 24 hours after administration
5. 4 to 12 hours after administration
   Rationale:
   Humulin NPH is an intermediate-acting insulin. The onset of action is 1.5 hours, it peaks in 4 to 12 hours, and its duration of action is 24 hours. Hypoglycemic reactions most likely occur during peak time.

30.) A client with diabetes mellitus visits a health care clinic. The client’s diabetes mellitus previously had been well controlled with glyburide (DiaBeta) daily, but recently the fasting blood glucose level has been 180 to 200 mg/dL. Which medication, if added to the client’s regimen, may have contributed to the hyperglycemia?

1. Prednisone
2. Phenelzine (Nardil)
3. Atenolol (Tenormin)
4. Allopurinol (Zyloprim)
5. Prednisone
   Rationale:
   Prednisone may decrease the effect of oral hypoglycemics, insulin, diuretics, and potassium supplements. Option 2, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and option 3, a β-blocker, have their own intrinsic hypoglycemic activity. Option 4 decreases urinary excretion of sulfonylurea agents, causing increased levels of the oral agents, which can lead to hypoglycemia.

31.) A community health nurse visits a client at home. Prednisone 10 mg orally daily has been prescribed for the client and the nurse reinforces teaching for the client about the medication. Which statement, if made by the client, indicates that further teaching is necessary?

1. “I can take aspirin or my antihistamine if I need it.”
2. “I need to take the medication every day at the same time.”
3. “I need to avoid coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate in my diet.”
4. “If I gain more than 5 pounds a week, I will call my doctor.”
5. “I can take aspirin or my antihistamine if I need it.”
   Rationale:
   Aspirin and other over-the-counter medications should not be taken unless the client consults with the health care provider (HCP). The client needs to take the medication at the same time every day and should be instructed not to stop the medication. A slight weight gain as a result of an improved appetite is expected, but after the dosage is stabilized, a weight gain of 5 lb or more weekly should be reported to the HCP. Caffeine-containing foods and fluids need to be avoided because they may contribute to steroid-ulcer development.

32.) Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) is prescribed for the treatment of diabetes insipidus. The nurse monitors the client after medication administration for which therapeutic response?

1. Decreased urinary output
2. Decreased blood pressure
3. Decreased peripheral edema
4. Decreased blood glucose level
5. Decreased urinary output
   Rationale:
   Desmopressin promotes renal conservation of water. The hormone carries out this action by acting on the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase their permeability to water, which results in increased water reabsorption. The therapeutic effect of this medication would be manifested by a decreased urine output. Options 2, 3, and 4 are unrelated to the effects of this medication.

33.) The home health care nurse is visiting a client who was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The client is prescribed repaglinide (Prandin) and metformin (Glucophage) and asks the nurse to explain these medications. The nurse should reinforce which instructions to the client? Select all that apply.

1. Diarrhea can occur secondary to the metformin.
2. The repaglinide is not taken if a meal is skipped.
3. The repaglinide is taken 30 minutes before eating.
4. Candy or another simple sugar is carried and used to treat mild hypoglycemia episodes.
5. Metformin increases hepatic glucose production to prevent hypoglycemia associated with repaglinide.
6. Muscle pain is an expected side effect of metformin and may be treated with acetaminophen (Tylenol).
7. Diarrhea can occur secondary to the metformin.
8. The repaglinide is not taken if a meal is skipped.
9. The repaglinide is taken 30 minutes before eating.
10. Candy or another simple sugar is carried and used to treat mild hypoglycemia episodes.
    Rationale:
    Repaglinide is a rapid-acting oral hypoglycemic agent that stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion that should be taken before meals, and that should be withheld if the client does not eat. Hypoglycemia is a side effect of repaglinide and the client should always be prepared by carrying a simple sugar with her or him at all times. Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic given in combination with repaglinide and works by decreasing hepatic glucose production. A common side effect of metformin is diarrhea. Muscle pain may occur as an adverse effect from metformin but it might signify a more serious condition that warrants health care provider notification, not the use of acetaminophen.

34.) A client with Crohn’s disease is scheduled to receive an infusion of infliximab (Remicade). The nurse assisting in caring for the client should take which action to monitor the effectiveness of treatment?

1. Monitoring the leukocyte count for 2 days after the infusion
2. Checking the frequency and consistency of bowel movements
3. Checking serum liver enzyme levels before and after the infusion
4. Carrying out a Hematest on gastric fluids after the infusion is completed
5. Checking the frequency and consistency of bowel movements
   Rationale:
   The principal manifestations of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea and abdominal pain. Infliximab (Remicade) is an immunomodulator that reduces the degree of inflammation in the colon, thereby reducing the diarrhea. Options 1, 3, and 4 are unrelated to this medication.

35.) The client has a PRN prescription for loperamide hydrochloride (Imodium). The nurse understands that this medication is used for which condition?

1. Constipation
2. Abdominal pain
3. An episode of diarrhea
4. Hematest-positive nasogastric tube drainage
5. An episode of diarrhea
   Rationale:
   Loperamide is an antidiarrheal agent. It is used to manage acute and also chronic diarrhea in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease. Loperamide also can be used to reduce the volume of drainage from an ileostomy. It is not used for the conditions in options 1, 2, and 4.

36.) The client has a PRN prescription for ondansetron (Zofran). For which condition should this medication be administered to the postoperative client?

1. Paralytic ileus
2. Incisional pain
3. Urinary retention
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Nausea and vomiting
   Rationale:
   Ondansetron is an antiemetic used to treat postoperative nausea and vomiting, as well as nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy. The other options are incorrect.

37.) The client has begun medication therapy with pancrelipase (Pancrease MT). The nurse evaluates that the medication is having the optimal intended benefit if which effect is observed?

1. Weight loss
2. Relief of heartburn
3. Reduction of steatorrhea
4. Absence of abdominal pain
5. Reduction of steatorrhea
   Rationale:
   Pancrelipase (Pancrease MT) is a pancreatic enzyme used in clients with pancreatitis as a digestive aid. The medication should reduce the amount of fatty stools (steatorrhea). Another intended effect could be improved nutritional status. It is not used to treat abdominal pain or heartburn. Its use could result in weight gain but should not result in weight loss if it is aiding in digestion.

38.) An older client recently has been taking cimetidine (Tagamet). The nurse monitors the client for which most frequent central nervous system side effect of this medication?

1. Tremors
2. Dizziness
3. Confusion
4. Hallucinations
5. Confusion
   Rationale:
   Cimetidine is a histamine 2 (H2)-receptor antagonist. Older clients are especially susceptible to central nervous system side effects of cimetidine. The most frequent of these is confusion. Less common central nervous system side effects include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and hallucinations.

39.) The client with a gastric ulcer has a prescription for sucralfate (Carafate), 1 g by mouth four times daily. The nurse schedules the medication for which times?

1. With meals and at bedtime
2. Every 6 hours around the clock
3. One hour after meals and at bedtime
4. One hour before meals and at bedtime
5. One hour before meals and at bedtime
   Rationale:
   Sucralfate is a gastric protectant. The medication should be scheduled for administration 1 hour before meals and at bedtime. The medication is timed to allow it to form a protective coating over the ulcer before food intake stimulates gastric acid production and mechanical irritation. The other options are incorrect.

40.) The client who chronically uses nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been taking misoprostol (Cytotec). The nurse determines that the medication is having the intended therapeutic effect if which of the following is noted?

1. Resolved diarrhea
2. Relief of epigastric pain
3. Decreased platelet count
4. Decreased white blood cell count
5. Relief of epigastric pain
   Rationale:
   The client who chronically uses nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is prone to gastric mucosal injury. Misoprostol is a gastric protectant and is given specifically to prevent this occurrence. Diarrhea can be a side effect of the medication, but is not an intended effect. Options 3 and 4 are incorrect.

41.) The client has been taking omeprazole (Prilosec) for 4 weeks. The ambulatory care nurse evaluates that the client is receiving optimal intended effect of the medication if the client reports the absence of which symptom?

1. Diarrhea
2. Heartburn
3. Flatulence
4. Constipation
5. Heartburn
   Rationale:
   Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor classified as an antiulcer agent. The intended effect of the medication is relief of pain from gastric irritation, often called heartburn by clients. Omeprazole is not used to treat the conditions identified in options 1, 3, and 4.

42.) A client with a peptic ulcer is diagnosed with a Helicobacter pylori infection. The nurse is reinforcing teaching for the client about the medications prescribed, including clarithromycin (Biaxin), esomeprazole (Nexium), and amoxicillin (Amoxil). Which statement by the client indicates the best understanding of the medication regimen?

1. “My ulcer will heal because these medications will kill the bacteria.”
2. “These medications are only taken when I have pain from my ulcer.”
3. “The medications will kill the bacteria and stop the acid production.”
4. “These medications will coat the ulcer and decrease the acid production in my stomach.”
5. “The medications will kill the bacteria and stop the acid production.”
   Rationale:
   Triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection usually includes two antibacterial drugs and a proton pump inhibitor. Clarithromycin and amoxicillin are antibacterials. Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor. These medications will kill the bacteria and decrease acid production.

43.) A histamine (H2)-receptor antagonist will be prescribed for a client. The nurse understands that which medications are H2-receptor antagonists? Select all that apply.

1. Nizatidine (Axid)
2. Ranitidine (Zantac)
3. Famotidine (Pepcid)
4. Cimetidine (Tagamet)
5. Esomeprazole (Nexium)
6. Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
7. Nizatidine (Axid)
8. Ranitidine (Zantac)
9. Famotidine (Pepcid)
10. Cimetidine (Tagamet)
    Rationale:
    H2-receptor antagonists suppress secretion of gastric acid, alleviate symptoms of heartburn, and assist in preventing complications of peptic ulcer disease. These medications also suppress gastric acid secretions and are used in active ulcer disease, erosive esophagitis, and pathological hypersecretory conditions. The other medications listed are proton pump inhibitors.
    H2-receptor antagonists medication names end with -dine.
    Proton pump inhibitors medication names end with -zole.

44.) A client is receiving acetylcysteine (Mucomyst), 20% solution diluted in 0.9% normal saline by nebulizer. The nurse should have which item available for possible use after giving this medication?

1. Ambu bag
2. Intubation tray
3. Nasogastric tube
4. Suction equipment
5. Suction equipment
   Rationale:
   Acetylcysteine can be given orally or by nasogastric tube to treat acetaminophen overdose, or it may be given by inhalation for use as a mucolytic. The nurse administering this medication as a mucolytic should have suction equipment available in case the client cannot manage to clear the increased volume of liquefied secretions.

45.) A client has a prescription to take guaifenesin (Humibid) every 4 hours, as needed. The nurse determines that the client understands the most effective use of this medication if the client states that he or she will:

1. Watch for irritability as a side effect.
2. Take the tablet with a full glass of water.
3. Take an extra dose if the cough is accompanied by fever.
4. Crush the sustained-release tablet if immediate relief is needed.
5. Take the tablet with a full glass of water.
   Rationale:
   Guaifenesin is an expectorant. It should be taken with a full glass of water to decrease viscosity of secretions. Sustained-release preparations should not be broken open, crushed, or chewed. The medication may occasionally cause dizziness, headache, or drowsiness as side effects. The client should contact the health care provider if the cough lasts longer than 1 week or is accompanied by fever, rash, sore throat, or persistent headache.

46.) A postoperative client has received a dose of naloxone hydrochloride for respiratory depression shortly after transfer to the nursing unit from the postanesthesia care unit. After administration of the medication, the nurse checks the client for:

1. Pupillary changes
2. Scattered lung wheezes
3. Sudden increase in pain
4. Sudden episodes of diarrhea
5. Sudden increase in pain
   Rationale:
   Naloxone hydrochloride is an antidote to opioids and may also be given to the postoperative client to treat respiratory depression. When given to the postoperative client for respiratory depression, it may also reverse the effects of analgesics. Therefore, the nurse must check the client for a sudden increase in the level of pain experienced. Options 1, 2, and 4 are not associated with this medication.

47.) A client has been taking isoniazid (INH) for 2 months. The client complains to a nurse about numbness, paresthesias, and tingling in the extremities. The nurse interprets that the client is experiencing:

1. Hypercalcemia
2. Peripheral neuritis
3. Small blood vessel spasm
4. Impaired peripheral circulation
5. Peripheral neuritis
   Rationale:
   A common side effect of the TB drug INH is peripheral neuritis. This is manifested by numbness, tingling, and paresthesias in the extremities. This side effect can be minimized by pyridoxine (vitamin B6) intake. Options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

48.) A client is to begin a 6-month course of therapy with isoniazid (INH). A nurse plans to teach the client to:

1. Drink alcohol in small amounts only.
2. Report yellow eyes or skin immediately.
3. Increase intake of Swiss or aged cheeses.
4. Avoid vitamin supplements during therapy.
5. Report yellow eyes or skin immediately.
   Rationale:
   INH is hepatotoxic, and therefore the client is taught to report signs and symptoms of hepatitis immediately (which include yellow skin and sclera). For the same reason, alcohol should be avoided during therapy. The client should avoid intake of Swiss cheese, fish such as tuna, and foods containing tyramine because they may cause a reaction characterized by redness and itching of the skin, flushing, sweating, tachycardia, headache, or lightheadedness. The client can avoid developing peripheral neuritis by increasing the intake of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) during the course of INH therapy for TB.

49.) A client has been started on long-term therapy with rifampin (Rifadin). A nurse teaches the client that the medication:

1. Should always be taken with food or antacids
2. Should be double-dosed if one dose is forgotten
3. Causes orange discoloration of sweat, tears, urine, and feces
4. May be discontinued independently if symptoms are gone in 3 months
5. Causes orange discoloration of sweat, tears, urine, and feces
   Rationale:
   Rifampin should be taken exactly as directed as part of TB therapy. Doses should not be doubled or skipped. The client should not stop therapy until directed to do so by a health care provider. The medication should be administered on an empty stomach unless it causes gastrointestinal upset, and then it may be taken with food. Antacids, if prescribed, should be taken at least 1 hour before the medication. Rifampin causes orange-red discoloration of body secretions and will permanently stain soft contact lenses.

50.) A nurse has given a client taking ethambutol (Myambutol) information about the medication. The nurse determines that the client understands the instructions if the client states that he or she will immediately report:

1. Impaired sense of hearing
2. Problems with visual acuity
3. Gastrointestinal (GI) side effects
4. Orange-red discoloration of body secretions
5. Problems with visual acuity
   Rationale:
   Ethambutol causes optic neuritis, which decreases visual acuity and the ability to discriminate between the colors red and green. This poses a potential safety hazard when a client is driving a motor vehicle. The client is taught to report this symptom immediately. The client is also taught to take the medication with food if GI upset occurs. Impaired hearing results from antitubercular therapy with streptomycin. Orange-red discoloration of secretions occurs with rifampin (Rifadin).

51.) Cycloserine (Seromycin) is added to the medication regimen for a client with tuberculosis. Which of the following would the nurse include in the client-teaching plan regarding this medication?

1. To take the medication before meals
2. To return to the clinic weekly for serum drug-level testing
3. It is not necessary to call the health care provider (HCP) if a skin rash occurs.
4. It is not necessary to restrict alcohol intake with this medication.
5. To return to the clinic weekly for serum drug-level testing
   Rationale:
   Cycloserine (Seromycin) is an antitubercular medication that requires weekly serum drug level determinations to monitor for the potential of neurotoxicity. Serum drug levels lower than 30 mcg/mL reduce the incidence of neurotoxicity. The medication must be taken after meals to prevent gastrointestinal irritation. The client must be instructed to notify the HCP if a skin rash or signs of central nervous system toxicity are noted. Alcohol must be avoided because it increases the risk of seizure activity.

52.) A client with tuberculosis is being started on antituberculosis therapy with isoniazid (INH). Before giving the client the first dose, a nurse ensures that which of the following baseline studies has been completed?

1. Electrolyte levels
2. Coagulation times
3. Liver enzyme levels
4. Serum creatinine level
5. Liver enzyme levels
   Rationale:
   INH therapy can cause an elevation of hepatic enzyme levels and hepatitis. Therefore, liver enzyme levels are monitored when therapy is initiated and during the first 3 months of therapy. They may be monitored longer in the client who is greater than age 50 or abuses alcohol.

53.) Rifabutin (Mycobutin) is prescribed for a client with active Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease and tuberculosis. The nurse monitors for which side effects of the medication? Select all that apply.

1. Signs of hepatitis
2. Flu-like syndrome
3. Low neutrophil count
4. Vitamin B6 deficiency
5. Ocular pain or blurred vision
6. Tingling and numbness of the fingers
7. Signs of hepatitis
8. Flu-like syndrome
9. Low neutrophil count
10. Ocular pain or blurred vision
    Rationale:
    Rifabutin (Mycobutin) may be prescribed for a client with active MAC disease and tuberculosis. It inhibits mycobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and suppresses protein synthesis. Side effects include rash, gastrointestinal disturbances, neutropenia (low neutrophil count), red-orange body secretions, uveitis (blurred vision and eye pain), myositis, arthralgia, hepatitis, chest pain with dyspnea, and flu-like syndrome. Vitamin B6 deficiency and numbness and tingling in the extremities are associated with the use of isoniazid (INH). Ethambutol (Myambutol) also causes peripheral neuritis.

54.) A nurse reinforces discharge instructions to a postoperative client who is taking warfarin sodium (Coumadin). Which statement, if made by the client, reflects the need for further teaching?

1. “I will take my pills every day at the same time.”
2. “I will be certain to avoid alcohol consumption.”
3. “I have already called my family to pick up a Medic-Alert bracelet.”
4. “I will take Ecotrin (enteric-coated aspirin) for my headaches because it is coated.”
5. “I will take Ecotrin (enteric-coated aspirin) for my headaches because it is coated.”
   Rationale:
   Ecotrin is an aspirin-containing product and should be avoided. Alcohol consumption should be avoided by a client taking warfarin sodium. Taking prescribed medication at the same time each day increases client compliance. The Medic-Alert bracelet provides health care personnel emergency information.

55.) A client who is receiving digoxin (Lanoxin) daily has a serum potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L and is complaining of anorexia. A health care provider prescribes a digoxin level to rule out digoxin toxicity. A nurse checks the results, knowing that which of the following is the therapeutic serum level (range) for digoxin?

1. 3 to 5 ng/mL
2. 0.5 to 2 ng/mL
3. 1.2 to 2.8 ng/mL
4. 3.5 to 5.5 ng/mL
   2.) 0.5 to 2 ng/mL
   Rationale:
   Therapeutic levels for digoxin range from 0.5 to 2 ng/mL. Therefore, options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

56.) Heparin sodium is prescribed for the client. The nurse expects that the health care provider will prescribe which of the following to monitor for a therapeutic effect of the medication?

1. Hematocrit level
2. Hemoglobin level
3. Prothrombin time (PT)
4. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
5. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
   Rationale:
   The PT will assess for the therapeutic effect of warfarin sodium (Coumadin) and the aPTT will assess the therapeutic effect of heparin sodium. Heparin sodium doses are determined based on these laboratory results. The hemoglobin and hematocrit values assess red blood cell concentrations.

57.) A nurse is monitoring a client who is taking propranolol (Inderal LA). Which data collection finding would indicate a potential serious complication associated with propranolol?

1. The development of complaints of insomnia
2. The development of audible expiratory wheezes
3. A baseline blood pressure of 150/80 mm Hg followed by a blood pressure of 138/72 mm Hg after two doses of the medication
4. A baseline resting heart rate of 88 beats/min followed by a resting heart rate of 72 beats/min after two doses of the medication
5. The development of audible expiratory wheezes
   Rationale:
   Audible expiratory wheezes may indicate a serious adverse reaction, bronchospasm. β-Blockers may induce this reaction, particularly in clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Normal decreases in blood pressure and heart rate are expected. Insomnia is a frequent mild side effect and should be monitored.

58.) Isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur) is prescribed for a client with angina pectoris. The client tells the nurse that the medication is causing a chronic headache. The nurse appropriately suggests that the client:

1. Cut the dose in half.
2. Discontinue the medication.
3. Take the medication with food.
4. Contact the health care provider (HCP).
5. Take the medication with food.
   Rationale:
   Isosorbide mononitrate is an antianginal medication. Headache is a frequent side effect of isosorbide mononitrate and usually disappears during continued therapy. If a headache occurs during therapy, the client should be instructed to take the medication with food or meals. It is not necessary to contact the HCP unless the headaches persist with therapy. It is not appropriate to instruct the client to discontinue therapy or adjust the dosages.

59.) A client is diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction and is receiving tissue plasminogen activator, alteplase (Activase, tPA). Which action is a priority nursing intervention?

1. Monitor for renal failure.
2. Monitor psychosocial status.
3. Monitor for signs of bleeding.
4. Have heparin sodium available.
5. Monitor for signs of bleeding.
   Rationale:
   Tissue plasminogen activator is a thrombolytic. Hemorrhage is a complication of any type of thrombolytic medication. The client is monitored for bleeding. Monitoring for renal failure and monitoring the client’s psychosocial status are important but are not the most critical interventions. Heparin is given after thrombolytic therapy, but the question is not asking about follow-up medications.

60.) A nurse is planning to administer hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL) to a client. The nurse understands that which of the following are concerns related to the administration of this medication?

1. Hypouricemia, hyperkalemia
2. Increased risk of osteoporosis
3. Hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, sulfa allergy
4. Hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, penicillin allergy
5. Hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, sulfa allergy
   Rationale:
   Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are sulfa-based medications, and a client with a sulfa allergy is at risk for an allergic reaction. Also, clients are at risk for hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia.

61.) A home health care nurse is visiting a client with elevated triglyceride levels and a serum cholesterol level of 398 mg/dL. The client is taking cholestyramine (Questran). Which of the following statements, if made by the client, indicates the need for further education?

1. “Constipation and bloating might be a problem.”
2. “I’ll continue to watch my diet and reduce my fats.”
3. “Walking a mile each day will help the whole process.”
4. “I’ll continue my nicotinic acid from the health food store.”
5. “I’ll continue my nicotinic acid from the health food store.”
   Rationale:
   Nicotinic acid, even an over-the-counter form, should be avoided because it may lead to liver abnormalities. All lipid-lowering medications also can cause liver abnormalities, so a combination of nicotinic acid and cholestyramine resin is to be avoided. Constipation and bloating are the two most common side effects. Walking and the reduction of fats in the diet are therapeutic measures to reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

62.) A client is on nicotinic acid (niacin) for hyperlipidemia and the nurse provides instructions to the client about the medication. Which statement by the client would indicate an understanding of the instructions?

1. “It is not necessary to avoid the use of alcohol.”
2. “The medication should be taken with meals to decrease flushing.”
3. “Clay-colored stools are a common side effect and should not be of concern.”
4. “Ibuprofen (Motrin) taken 30 minutes before the nicotinic acid should decrease the flushing.”
5. “Ibuprofen (Motrin) taken 30 minutes before the nicotinic acid should decrease the flushing.”
   Rationale:
   Flushing is a side effect of this medication. Aspirin or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug can be taken 30 minutes before taking the medication to decrease flushing. Alcohol consumption needs to be avoided because it will enhance this side effect. The medication should be taken with meals, this will decrease gastrointestinal upset. Taking the medication with meals has no effect on the flushing. Clay-colored stools are a sign of hepatic dysfunction and should be immediately reported to the health care provider (HCP).

63.) A client with coronary artery disease complains of substernal chest pain. After checking the client’s heart rate and blood pressure, a nurse administers nitroglycerin, 0.4 mg, sublingually. After 5 minutes, the client states, “My chest still hurts.” Select the appropriate actions that the nurse should take. Select all that apply.

1. Call a code blue.
2. Contact the registered nurse.
3. Contact the client’s family.
4. Assess the client’s pain level.
5. Check the client’s blood pressure.
6. Administer a second nitroglycerin, 0.4 mg, sublingually.
7. Contact the registered nurse.
8. Assess the client’s pain level.
9. Check the client’s blood pressure.
10. Administer a second nitroglycerin, 0.4 mg, sublingually.
    Rationale:
    The usual guideline for administering nitroglycerin tablets for a hospitalized client with chest pain is to administer one tablet every 5 minutes PRN for chest pain, for a total dose of three tablets. The registered nurse should be notified of the client’s condition, who will then notify the health care provider as appropriate. Because the client is still complaining of chest pain, the nurse would administer a second nitroglycerin tablet. The nurse would assess the client’s pain level and check the client’s blood pressure before administering each nitroglycerin dose. There are no data in the question that indicate the need to call a code blue. In addition, it is not necessary to contact the client’s family unless the client has requested this.

64.) Nalidixic acid (NegGram) is prescribed for a client with a urinary tract infection. On review of the client’s record, the nurse notes that the client is taking warfarin sodium (Coumadin) daily. Which prescription should the nurse anticipate for this client?

1. Discontinuation of warfarin sodium (Coumadin)
2. A decrease in the warfarin sodium (Coumadin) dosage
3. An increase in the warfarin sodium (Coumadin) dosage
4. A decrease in the usual dose of nalidixic acid (NegGram)
5. A decrease in the warfarin sodium (Coumadin) dosage
   Rationale:
   Nalidixic acid can intensify the effects of oral anticoagulants by displacing these agents from binding sites on plasma protein. When an oral anticoagulant is combined with nalidixic acid, a decrease in the anticoagulant dosage may be needed.

65.) A nurse is reinforcing discharge instructions to a client receiving sulfisoxazole. Which of the following should be included in the list of instructions?

1. Restrict fluid intake.
2. Maintain a high fluid intake.
3. If the urine turns dark brown, call the health care provider (HCP) immediately.
4. Decrease the dosage when symptoms are improving to prevent an allergic response.
5. Maintain a high fluid intake.
   Rationale:
   Each dose of sulfisoxazole should be administered with a full glass of water, and the client should maintain a high fluid intake. The medication is more soluble in alkaline urine. The client should not be instructed to taper or discontinue the dose. Some forms of sulfisoxazole cause urine to turn dark brown or red. This does not indicate the need to notify the HCP.

66.) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is prescribed for a client. A nurse should instruct the client to report which symptom if it developed during the course of this medication therapy?

1. Nausea
2. Diarrhea
3. Headache
4. Sore throat
5. Sore throat
   Rationale:
   Clients taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) should be informed about early signs of blood disorders that can occur from this medication. These include sore throat, fever, and pallor, and the client should be instructed to notify the health care provider if these symptoms occur. The other options do not require health care provider notification.

67.) Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium) is prescribed for a client for symptomatic relief of pain resulting from a lower urinary tract infection. The nurse reinforces to the client:

1. To take the medication at bedtime
2. To take the medication before meals
3. To discontinue the medication if a headache occurs
4. That a reddish orange discoloration of the urine may occur
5. That a reddish orange discoloration of the urine may occur
   Rationale:
   The nurse should instruct the client that a reddish-orange discoloration of urine may occur. The nurse also should instruct the client that this discoloration can stain fabric. The medication should be taken after meals to reduce the possibility of gastrointestinal upset. A headache is an occasional side effect of the medication and does not warrant discontinuation of the medication.

68.) Bethanechol chloride (Urecholine) is prescribed for a client with urinary retention. Which disorder would be a contraindication to the administration of this medication?

1. Gastric atony
2. Urinary strictures
3. Neurogenic atony
4. Gastroesophageal reflux
5. Urinary strictures
   Rationale:
   Bethanechol chloride (Urecholine) can be harmful to clients with urinary tract obstruction or weakness of the bladder wall. The medication has the ability to contract the bladder and thereby increase pressure within the urinary tract. Elevation of pressure within the urinary tract could rupture the bladder in clients with these conditions.

69.) A nurse who is administering bethanechol chloride (Urecholine) is monitoring for acute toxicity associated with the medication. The nurse checks the client for which sign of toxicity?

1. Dry skin
2. Dry mouth
3. Bradycardia
4. Signs of dehydration
5. Bradycardia
   Rationale:
   Toxicity (overdose) produces manifestations of excessive muscarinic stimulation such as salivation, sweating, involuntary urination and defecation, bradycardia, and severe hypotension. Treatment includes supportive measures and the administration of atropine sulfate subcutaneously or intravenously.

70.) Oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan XL) is prescribed for a client with neurogenic bladder. Which sign would indicate a possible toxic effect related to this medication?

1. Pallor
2. Drowsiness
3. Bradycardia
4. Restlessness
5. Restlessness
   Rationale:
   Toxicity (overdosage) of this medication produces central nervous system excitation, such as nervousness, restlessness, hallucinations, and irritability. Other signs of toxicity include hypotension or hypertension, confusion, tachycardia, flushed or red face, and signs of respiratory depression. Drowsiness is a frequent side effect of the medication but does not indicate overdosage.

71.) After kidney transplantation, cyclosporine (Sand immune) is prescribed for a client. Which laboratory result would indicate an adverse effect from the use of this medication?

1. Decreased creatinine level
2. Decreased hemoglobin level
3. Elevated blood urea nitrogen level
4. Decreased white blood cell count
5. Elevated blood urea nitrogen level
   Rationale:
   Nephrotoxicity can occur from the use of cyclosporine (Sandimmune). Nephrotoxicity is evaluated by monitoring for elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant but does not depress the bone marrow.

72.) Cinoxacin (Cinobac), a urinary antiseptic, is prescribed for the client. The nurse reviews the client’s medical record and should contact the health care provider (HCP) regarding which documented finding to verify the prescription? Refer to chart.

1. Renal insufficiency
2. Chest x-ray: normal
3. Blood glucose, 102 mg/dL
4. Folic acid (vitamin B6) 0.5 mg, orally daily
5. Renal insufficiency
   Rationale:
   Cinoxacin should be administered with caution in clients with renal impairment. The dosage should be reduced, and failure to do so could result in accumulation of cinoxacin to toxic levels. Therefore the nurse would verify the prescription if the client had a documented history of renal insufficiency. The laboratory and diagnostic test results are normal findings. Folic acid (vitamin B6) may be prescribed for a client with renal insufficiency to prevent anemia.

73.) A client with myasthenia gravis is suspected of having cholinergic crisis. Which of the following indicate that this crisis exists?

1. Ataxia
2. Mouth sores
3. Hypotension
4. Hypertension
5. Hypertension
   Rationale:
   Cholinergic crisis occurs as a result of an overdose of medication. Indications of cholinergic crisis include gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, increased salivation and tearing, miosis, hypertension, sweating, and increased bronchial secretions.

74.) A client with myasthenia gravis is receiving pyridostigmine (Mestinon). The nurse monitors for signs and symptoms of cholinergic crisis caused by overdose of the medication. The nurse checks the medication supply to ensure that which medication is available for administration if a cholinergic crisis occurs?

1. Vitamin K
2. Atropine sulfate
3. Protamine sulfate
4. Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
5. Atropine sulfate
   Rationale:
   The antidote for cholinergic crisis is atropine sulfate. Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin (Coumadin). Protamine sulfate is the antidote for heparin, and acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) is the antidote for acetaminophen (Tylenol).

75.) A client with myasthenia gravis becomes increasingly weak. The health care provider prepares to identify whether the client is reacting to an overdose of the medication (cholinergic crisis) or increasing severity of the disease (myasthenic crisis). An injection of edrophonium (Enlon) is administered. Which of the following indicates that the client is in cholinergic crisis?

1. No change in the condition
2. Complaints of muscle spasms
3. An improvement of the weakness
4. A temporary worsening of the condition
5. A temporary worsening of the condition
   Rationale:
   An edrophonium (Enlon) injection, a cholinergic drug, makes the client in cholinergic crisis temporarily worse. This is known as a negative test. An improvement of weakness would occur if the client were experiencing myasthenia gravis. Options 1 and 2 would not occur in either crisis.

76.) Carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet) is prescribed for a client with Parkinson’s disease, and the nurse monitors the client for adverse reactions to the medication. Which of the following indicates that the client is experiencing an adverse reaction?

1. Pruritus
2. Tachycardia
3. Hypertension
4. Impaired voluntary movements
5. Impaired voluntary movements
   Rationale:
   Dyskinesia and impaired voluntary movement may occur with high levodopa dosages. Nausea, anorexia, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, and akinesia (the temporary muscle weakness that lasts 1 minute to 1 hour, also known as the “on-off phenomenon”) are frequent side effects of the medication.

77.) Phenytoin (Dilantin), 100 mg orally three times daily, has been prescribed for a client for seizure control. The nurse reinforces instructions regarding the medication to the client. Which statement by the client indicates an understanding of the instructions?

1. “I will use a soft toothbrush to brush my teeth.”
2. “It’s all right to break the capsules to make it easier for me to swallow them.”
3. “If I forget to take my medication, I can wait until the next dose and eliminate that dose.”
4. “If my throat becomes sore, it’s a normal effect of the medication and it’s nothing to be concerned about.”
5. “I will use a soft toothbrush to brush my teeth.”
   Rationale:
   Phenytoin (Dilantin) is an anticonvulsant. Gingival hyperplasia, bleeding, swelling, and tenderness of the gums can occur with the use of this medication. The client needs to be taught good oral hygiene, gum massage, and the need for regular dentist visits. The client should not skip medication doses, because this could precipitate a seizure. Capsules should not be chewed or broken and they must be swallowed. The client needs to be instructed to report a sore throat, fever, glandular swelling, or any skin reaction, because this indicates hematological toxicity.

78.) A client is taking phenytoin (Dilantin) for seizure control and a sample for a serum drug level is drawn. Which of the following indicates a therapeutic serum drug range?

1. 5 to 10 mcg/mL
2. 10 to 20 mcg/mL
3. 20 to 30 mcg/mL
4. 30 to 40 mcg/mL
5. 10 to 20 mcg/mL
   Rationale:
   The therapeutic serum drug level range for phenytoin (Dilantin) is 10 to 20 mcg/mL.

• A helpful hint may be to remember that the theophylline therapeutic range and the acetaminophen (Tylenol) therapeutic range are the same as the phenytoin (Dilantin) therapeutic range.*

79.) Ibuprofen (Advil) is prescribed for a client. The nurse tells the client to take the medication:

1. With 8 oz of milk
2. In the morning after arising
3. 60 minutes before breakfast
4. At bedtime on an empty stomach
5. With 8 oz of milk
   Rationale:
   Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAIDs should be given with milk or food to prevent gastrointestinal irritation. Options 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

80.) A nurse is caring for a client who is taking phenytoin (Dilantin) for control of seizures. During data collection, the nurse notes that the client is taking birth control pills. Which of the following information should the nurse provide to the client?

1. Pregnancy should be avoided while taking phenytoin (Dilantin).
2. The client may stop taking the phenytoin (Dilantin) if it is causing severe gastrointestinal effects.
3. The potential for decreased effectiveness of the birth control pills exists while taking phenytoin (Dilantin).
4. The increased risk of thrombophlebitis exists while taking phenytoin (Dilantin) and birth control pills together.
5. The potential for decreased effectiveness of the birth control pills exists while taking phenytoin (Dilantin).
   Rationale:
   Phenytoin (Dilantin) enhances the rate of estrogen metabolism, which can decrease the effectiveness of some birth control pills. Options 1, 2, are 4 are not accurate.

81.) A client with trigeminal neuralgia is being treated with carbamazepine (Tegretol). Which laboratory result would indicate that the client is experiencing an adverse reaction to the medication?

1. Sodium level, 140 mEq/L
2. Uric acid level, 5.0 mg/dL
3. White blood cell count, 3000 cells/mm3
4. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, 15 mg/dL
5. White blood cell count, 3000 cells/mm3
   Rationale:
   Adverse effects of carbamazepine (Tegretol) appear as blood dyscrasias, including aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, cardiovascular disturbances, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, and dermatological effects. Options 1, 2, and 4 identify normal laboratory values.

82.) A client is receiving meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) for pain. Which of the following are side effects of this medication. Select all that apply.

1. Diarrhea
2. Tremors
3. Drowsiness
4. Hypotension
5. Urinary frequency
6. Increased respiratory rate
7. Tremors
8. Drowsiness
9. Hypotension
   Rationale:
   Meperidine hydrochloride is an opioid analgesic. Side effects include respiratory depression, drowsiness, hypotension, constipation, urinary retention, nausea, vomiting, and tremors.

83.) The client has been on treatment for rheumatoid arthritis for 3 weeks. During the administration of etanercept (Enbrel), it is most important for the nurse to check:

1. The injection site for itching and edema
2. The white blood cell counts and platelet counts
3. Whether the client is experiencing fatigue and joint pain
4. A metallic taste in the mouth, with a loss of appetite
5. The white blood cell counts and platelet counts
   Rationale:
   Infection and pancytopenia are side effects of etanercept (Enbrel). Laboratory studies are performed before and during drug treatment. The appearance of abnormal white blood cell counts and abnormal platelet counts can alert the nurse to a potentially life-threatening infection. Injection site itching is a common occurrence following administration. A metallic taste with loss of appetite are not common signs of side effects of this medication.

84.) Baclofen (Lioresal) is prescribed for the client with multiple sclerosis. The nurse assists in planning care, knowing that the primary therapeutic effect of this medication is which of the following?

1. Increased muscle tone
2. Decreased muscle spasms
3. Increased range of motion
4. Decreased local pain and tenderness
5. Decreased muscle spasms
   Rationale:
   Baclofen is a skeletal muscle relaxant and central nervous system depressant and acts at the spinal cord level to decrease the frequency and amplitude of muscle spasms in clients with spinal cord injuries or diseases and in clients with multiple sclerosis. Options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

85.) A nurse is monitoring a client receiving baclofen (Lioresal) for side effects related to the medication. Which of the following would indicate that the client is experiencing a side effect?

1. Polyuria
2. Diarrhea
3. Drowsiness
4. Muscular excitability
5. Drowsiness
   Rationale:
   Baclofen is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant and frequently causes drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, and fatigue. It can also cause nausea, constipation, and urinary retention. Clients should be warned about the possible reactions. Options 1, 2, and 4 are not side effects.

86.) A nurse is reinforcing discharge instructions to a client receiving baclofen (Lioresal). Which of the following would the nurse include in the instructions?

1. Restrict fluid intake.
2. Avoid the use of alcohol.
3. Stop the medication if diarrhea occurs.
4. Notify the health care provider if fatigue occurs.
5. Avoid the use of alcohol.
   Rationale:
   Baclofen is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. The client should be cautioned against the use of alcohol and other CNS depressants, because baclofen potentiates the depressant activity of these agents. Constipation rather than diarrhea is an adverse effect of baclofen. It is not necessary to restrict fluids, but the client should be warned that urinary retention can occur. Fatigue is related to a CNS effect that is most intense during the early phase of therapy and diminishes with continued medication use. It is not necessary that the client notify the health care provider if fatigue occurs.

87.) A client with acute muscle spasms has been taking baclofen (Lioresal). The client calls the clinic nurse because of continuous feelings of weakness and fatigue and asks the nurse about discontinuing the medication. The nurse should make which appropriate response to the client?

1. “You should never stop the medication.”
2. “It is best that you taper the dose if you intend to stop the medication.”
3. “It is okay to stop the medication if you think that you can tolerate the muscle spasms.”
4. “Weakness and fatigue commonly occur and will diminish with continued medication use.”
5. “Weakness and fatigue commonly occur and will diminish with continued medication use.”
   Rationale:
   The client should be instructed that symptoms such as drowsiness, weakness, and fatigue are more intense in the early phase of therapy and diminish with continued medication use. The client should be instructed never to withdraw or stop the medication abruptly, because abrupt withdrawal can cause visual hallucinations, paranoid ideation, and seizures. It is best for the nurse to inform the client that these symptoms will subside and encourage the client to continue the use of the medication.

88.) Dantrolene sodium (Dantrium) is prescribed for a client experiencing flexor spasms, and the client asks the nurse about the action of the medication. The nurse responds, knowing that the therapeutic action of this medication is which of the following?

1. Depresses spinal reflexes
2. Acts directly on the skeletal muscle to relieve spasticity
3. Acts within the spinal cord to suppress hyperactive reflexes
4. Acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to suppress spasms
5. Acts directly on the skeletal muscle to relieve spasticity
   Rationale:
   Dantrium acts directly on skeletal muscle to relieve muscle spasticity. The primary action is the suppression of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This in turn decreases the ability of the skeletal muscle to contract.
   Options 1, 3, and 4 are all comparable or alike in that they address CNS suppression and the depression of reflexes. Therefore, eliminate these options.

89.) A nurse is reviewing the laboratory studies on a client receiving dantrolene sodium (Dantrium). Which laboratory test would identify an adverse effect associated with the administration of this medication?

1. Creatinine
2. Liver function tests
3. Blood urea nitrogen
4. Hematological function tests
5. Liver function tests
   Rationale:
   Dose-related liver damage is the most serious adverse effect of dantrolene. To reduce the risk of liver damage, liver function tests should be performed before treatment and periodically throughout the treatment course. It is administered in the lowest effective dosage for the shortest time necessary.
   Eliminate options 1 and 3 because these tests both assess kidney function.

90.) A nurse is reviewing the record of a client who has been prescribed baclofen (Lioresal). Which of the following disorders, if noted in the client’s history, would alert the nurse to contact the health care provider?

1. Seizure disorders
2. Hyperthyroidism
3. Diabetes mellitus
4. Coronary artery disease
5. Seizure disorders
   Rationale:
   Clients with seizure disorders may have a lowered seizure threshold when baclofen is administered. Concurrent therapy may require an increase in the anticonvulsive medication. The disorders in options 2, 3, and 4 are not a concern when the client is taking baclofen.

91.) Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) is prescribed for a client to treat muscle spasms, and the nurse is reviewing the client’s record. Which of the following disorders, if noted in the client’s record, would indicate a need to contact the health care provider regarding the administration of this medication?

1. Glaucoma
2. Emphysema
3. Hyperthyroidism
4. Diabetes mellitus
5. Glaucoma
   Rationale:
   Because this medication has anticholinergic effects, it should be used with caution in clients with a history of urinary retention, angle-closure glaucoma, and increased intraocular pressure. Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride should be used only for short-term 2- to 3-week therapy.

92.) In monitoring a client’s response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), which findings would the nurse interpret as acceptable responses? Select all that apply.

1. Symptom control during periods of emotional stress
2. Normal white blood cell counts, platelet, and neutrophil counts
3. Radiological findings that show nonprogression of joint degeneration
4. An increased range of motion in the affected joints 3 months into therapy
5. Inflammation and irritation at the injection site 3 days after injection is given
6. A low-grade temperature upon rising in the morning that remains throughout the day
7. Symptom control during periods of emotional stress
8. Normal white blood cell counts, platelet, and neutrophil counts
9. Radiological findings that show nonprogression of joint degeneration
10. An increased range of motion in the affected joints 3 months into therapy
    Rationale:
    Because emotional stress frequently exacerbates the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, the absence of symptoms is a positive finding. DMARDs are given to slow progression of joint degeneration. In addition, the improvement in the range of motion after 3 months of therapy with normal blood work is a positive finding. Temperature elevation and inflammation and irritation at the medication injection site could indicate signs of infection.

93.) The client who is human immunodeficiency virus seropositive has been taking stavudine (d4t, Zerit). The nurse monitors which of the following most closely while the client is taking this medication?

1. Gait
2. Appetite
3. Level of consciousness
4. Hemoglobin and hematocrit blood levels
5. Gait
   Rationale:
   Stavudine (d4t, Zerit) is an antiretroviral used to manage human immunodeficiency virus infection in clients who do not respond to or who cannot tolerate conventional therapy. The medication can cause peripheral neuropathy, and the nurse should monitor the client’s gait closely and ask the client about paresthesia. Options 2, 3, and 4 are unrelated to the use of the medication.

94.) The client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has begun therapy with zidovudine (Retrovir, Azidothymidine, AZT, ZDV). The nurse carefully monitors which of the following laboratory results during treatment with this medication?

1. Blood culture
2. Blood glucose level
3. Blood urea nitrogen
4. Complete blood count
5. Complete blood count
   Rationale:
   A common side effect of therapy with zidovudine is leukopenia and anemia. The nurse monitors the complete blood count results for these changes. Options 1, 2, and 3 are unrelated to the use of this medication.

95.) The nurse is reviewing the results of serum laboratory studies drawn on a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who is receiving didanosine (Videx). The nurse interprets that the client may have the medication discontinued by the health care provider if which of the following significantly elevated results is noted?

1. Serum protein
2. Blood glucose
3. Serum amylase
4. Serum creatinine
5. Serum amylase
   Rationale:
   Didanosine (Videx) can cause pancreatitis. A serum amylase level that is increased 1.5 to 2 times normal may signify pancreatitis in the client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and is potentially fatal. The medication may have to be discontinued. The medication is also hepatotoxic and can result in liver failure.

96.) The nurse is caring for a postrenal transplant client taking cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Gengraf, Neoral). The nurse notes an increase in one of the client’s vital signs, and the client is complaining of a headache. What is the vital sign that is most likely increased?

1. Pulse
2. Respirations
3. Blood pressure
4. Pulse oximetry
5. Blood pressure
   Rationale:
   Hypertension can occur in a client taking cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Gengraf, Neoral), and because this client is also complaining of a headache, the blood pressure is the vital sign to be monitoring most closely. Other adverse effects include infection, nephrotoxicity, and hirsutism. Options 1, 2, and 4 are unrelated to the use of this medication.

97.) Amikacin (Amikin) is prescribed for a client with a bacterial infection. The client is instructed to contact the health care provider (HCP) immediately if which of the following occurs?

1. Nausea
2. Lethargy
3. Hearing loss
4. Muscle aches
5. Hearing loss
   Rationale:
   Amikacin (Amikin) is an aminoglycoside. Adverse effects of aminoglycosides include ototoxicity (hearing problems), confusion, disorientation, gastrointestinal irritation, palpitations, blood pressure changes, nephrotoxicity, and hypersensitivity. The nurse instructs the client to report hearing loss to the HCP immediately. Lethargy and muscle aches are not associated with the use of this medication. It is not necessary to contact the HCP immediately if nausea occurs. If nausea persists or results in vomiting, the HCP should be notified.
   (most aminoglycoside medication names end in the letters -cin)

98.) The nurse is assigned to care for a client with cytomegalovirus retinitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who is receiving foscarnet. The nurse should check the latest results of which of the following laboratory studies while the client is taking this medication?

1. CD4 cell count
2. Serum albumin
3. Serum creatinine
4. Lymphocyte count
5. Serum creatinine
   Rationale:
   Foscarnet is toxic to the kidneys. Serum creatinine is monitored before therapy, two to three times per week during induction therapy, and at least weekly during maintenance therapy. Foscarnet may also cause decreased levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium. Thus these levels are also measured with the same frequency.

99.) The client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Pneumocystis jiroveci infection has been receiving pentamidine isethionate (Pentam 300). The client develops a temperature of 101° F. The nurse does further monitoring of the client, knowing that this sign would most likely indicate:

1. The dose of the medication is too low.
2. The client is experiencing toxic effects of the medication.
3. The client has developed inadequacy of thermoregulation.
4. The result of another infection caused by leukopenic effects of the medication.
5. The result of another infection caused by leukopenic effects of the medication.
   Rationale:
   Frequent side effects of this medication include leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia. The client should be monitored routinely for signs and symptoms of infection. Options 1, 2, and 3 are inaccurate interpretations.

100.) Saquinavir (Invirase) is prescribed for the client who is human immunodeficiency virus seropositive. The nurse reinforces medication instructions and tells the client to:

1. Avoid sun exposure.
2. Eat low-calorie foods.
3. Eat foods that are low in fat.
4. Take the medication on an empty stomach.
5. Avoid sun exposure.
   Rationale:
   Saquinavir (Invirase) is an antiretroviral (protease inhibitor) used with other antiretroviral medications to manage human immunodeficiency virus infection. Saquinavir is administered with meals and is best absorbed if the client consumes high-calorie, high-fat meals. Saquinavir can cause photosensitivity, and the nurse should instruct the client to avoid sun exposure.

101.) Ketoconazole is prescribed for a client with a diagnosis of candidiasis. Select the interventions that the nurse includes when administering this medication. Select all that apply.

1. Restrict fluid intake.
2. Instruct the client to avoid alcohol.
3. Monitor hepatic and liver function studies.
4. Administer the medication with an antacid.
5. Instruct the client to avoid exposure to the sun.
6. Administer the medication on an empty stomach.
7. Instruct the client to avoid alcohol.
8. Monitor hepatic and liver function studies.
9. Instruct the client to avoid exposure to the sun.
   Rationale:
   Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication. It is administered with food (not on an empty stomach) and antacids are avoided for 2 hours after taking the medication to ensure absorption. The medication is hepatotoxic and the nurse monitors liver function studies. The client is instructed to avoid exposure to the sun because the medication increases photosensitivity. The client is also instructed to avoid alcohol. There is no reason for the client to restrict fluid intake. In fact, this could be harmful to the client.

102.) A client with human immunodeficiency virus is taking nevirapine (Viramune). The nurse should monitor for which adverse effects of the medication? Select all that apply.

1. Rash
2. Hepatotoxicity
3. Hyperglycemia
4. Peripheral neuropathy
5. Reduced bone mineral density
6. Rash
7. Hepatotoxicity
   Rationale:
   Nevirapine (Viramune) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) that is used to treat HIV infection. It is used in combination with other antiretroviral medications to treat HIV. Adverse effects include rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, hepatitis, and increased transaminase levels. Hyperglycemia, peripheral neuropathy, and reduced bone density are not adverse effects of this medication.

103.) A nurse is caring for a hospitalized client who has been taking clozapine (Clozaril) for the treatment of a schizophrenic disorder. Which laboratory study prescribed for the client will the nurse specifically review to monitor for an adverse effect associated with the use of this medication?

1. Platelet count
2. Cholesterol level
3. White blood cell count
4. Blood urea nitrogen level
5. White blood cell count
   Rationale:
   Hematological reactions can occur in the client taking clozapine and include agranulocytosis and mild leukopenia. The white blood cell count should be checked before initiating treatment and should be monitored closely during the use of this medication. The client should also be monitored for signs indicating agranulocytosis, which may include sore throat, malaise, and fever. Options 1, 2, and 4 are unrelated to this medication.

104.) Disulfiram (Antabuse) is prescribed for a client who is seen in the psychiatric health care clinic. The nurse is collecting data on the client and is providing instructions regarding the use of this medication. Which is most important for the nurse to determine before administration of this medication?

1. A history of hyperthyroidism
2. A history of diabetes insipidus
3. When the last full meal was consumed
4. When the last alcoholic drink was consumed
5. When the last alcoholic drink was consumed
   Rationale:
   Disulfiram is used as an adjunct treatment for selected clients with chronic alcoholism who want to remain in a state of enforced sobriety. Clients must abstain from alcohol intake for at least 12 hours before the initial dose of the medication is administered. The most important data are to determine when the last alcoholic drink was consumed. The medication is used with caution in clients with diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, epilepsy, cerebral damage, nephritis, and hepatic disease. It is also contraindicated in severe heart disease, psychosis, or hypersensitivity related to the medication.

105.) A nurse is collecting data from a client and the client’s spouse reports that the client is taking donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept). Which disorder would the nurse suspect that this client may have based on the use of this medication?

1. Dementia
2. Schizophrenia
3. Seizure disorder
4. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
5. Dementia
   Rationale:
   Donepezil hydrochloride is a cholinergic agent used in the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type. It enhances cholinergic functions by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine. It slows the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Options 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

106.) Fluoxetine (Prozac) is prescribed for the client. The nurse reinforces instructions to the client regarding the administration of the medication. Which statement by the client indicates an understanding about administration of the medication?

1. “I should take the medication with my evening meal.”
2. “I should take the medication at noon with an antacid.”
3. “I should take the medication in the morning when I first arise.”
4. “I should take the medication right before bedtime with a snack.”
5. “I should take the medication in the morning when I first arise.”
   Rationale:
   Fluoxetine hydrochloride is administered in the early morning without consideration to meals.
   Eliminate options 1, 2, and 4 because they are comparable or alike and indicate taking the medication with an antacid or food.

107.) A client receiving a tricyclic antidepressant arrives at the mental health clinic. Which observation indicates that the client is correctly following the medication plan?

1. Reports not going to work for this past week
2. Complains of not being able to “do anything” anymore
3. Arrives at the clinic neat and appropriate in appearance
4. Reports sleeping 12 hours per night and 3 to 4 hours during the day
5. Arrives at the clinic neat and appropriate in appearance
   Rationale:
   Depressed individuals will sleep for long periods, are not able to go to work, and feel as if they cannot “do anything.” Once they have had some therapeutic effect from their medication, they will report resolution of many of these complaints as well as demonstrate an improvement in their appearance.

108.) A nurse is performing a follow-up teaching session with a client discharged 1 month ago who is taking fluoxetine (Prozac). What information would be important for the nurse to gather regarding the adverse effects related to the medication?

1. Cardiovascular symptoms
2. Gastrointestinal dysfunctions
3. Problems with mouth dryness
4. Problems with excessive sweating
5. Gastrointestinal dysfunctions
   Rationale:
   The most common adverse effects related to fluoxetine include central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal (GI) system dysfunction. This medication affects the GI system by causing nausea and vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea. Options 1, 3, and 4 are not adverse effects of this medication.

109.) A client taking buspirone (BuSpar) for 1 month returns to the clinic for a follow-up visit. Which of the following would indicate medication effectiveness?

1. No rapid heartbeats or anxiety
2. No paranoid thought processes
3. No thought broadcasting or delusions
4. No reports of alcohol withdrawal symptoms
5. No rapid heartbeats or anxiety
   Rationale:
   Buspirone hydrochloride is not recommended for the treatment of drug or alcohol withdrawal, paranoid thought disorders, or schizophrenia (thought broadcasting or delusions). Buspirone hydrochloride is most often indicated for the treatment of anxiety and aggression.

110.) A client taking lithium carbonate (Lithobid) reports vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, blurred vision, tinnitus, and tremors. The lithium level is checked as a part of the routine follow-up and the level is 3.0 mEq/L. The nurse knows that this level is:

1. Toxic
2. Normal
3. Slightly above normal
4. Excessively below normal
5. Toxic
   Rationale:
   The therapeutic serum level of lithium is 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L. A level of 3 mEq/L indicates toxicity.

111.) A client arrives at the health care clinic and tells the nurse that he has been doubling his daily dosage of bupropion hydrochloride (Wellbutrin) to help him get better faster. The nurse understands that the client is now at risk for which of the following?

1. Insomnia
2. Weight gain
3. Seizure activity
4. Orthostatic hypotension
5. Seizure activity
   Rationale:
   Bupropion does not cause significant orthostatic blood pressure changes. Seizure activity is common in dosages greater than 450 mg daily. Bupropion frequently causes a drop in body weight. Insomnia is a side effect, but seizure activity causes a greater client risk.

112.) A hospitalized client is started on phenelzine sulfate (Nardil) for the treatment of depression. The nurse instructs the client to avoid consuming which foods while taking this medication? Select all that apply.

1. Figs
2. Yogurt
3. Crackers
4. Aged cheese
   5 Tossed salad
5. Oatmeal cookies
6. Figs
7. Yogurt
8. Aged cheese
   Rationale:
   Phenelzine sulfate (Nardil) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor(MAOI). The client should avoid taking in foods that are high in tyramine. Use of these foods could trigger a potentially fatal hypertensive crisis. Some foods to avoid include yogurt, aged cheeses, smoked or processed meats, red wines, and fruits such as avocados, raisins, and figs.

113.) A nurse is reinforcing discharge instructions to a client receiving sulfisoxazole. Which of the following would be included in the plan of care for instructions?

1. Maintain a high fluid intake.
2. Discontinue the medication when feeling better.
3. If the urine turns dark brown, call the health care provider immediately.
4. Decrease the dosage when symptoms are improving to prevent an allergic response.
5. Maintain a high fluid intake.
   Rationale:
   Each dose of sulfisoxazole should be administered with a full glass of water, and the client should maintain a high fluid intake. The medication is more soluble in alkaline urine. The client should not be instructed to taper or discontinue the dose. Some forms of sulfisoxazole cause the urine to turn dark brown or red. This does not indicate the need to notify the health care provider.

114.) A postoperative client requests medication for flatulence (gas pains). Which medication from the following PRN list should the nurse administer to this client?

1. Ondansetron (Zofran)
2. Simethicone (Mylicon)
3. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
4. Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia, MOM)
5. Simethicone (Mylicon)
   Rationale:
   Simethicone is an antiflatulent used in the relief of pain caused by excessive gas in the gastrointestinal tract. Ondansetron is used to treat postoperative nausea and vomiting. Acetaminophen is a nonopioid analgesic. Magnesium hydroxide is an antacid and laxative.

115.) A client received 20 units of NPH insulin subcutaneously at 8:00 AM. The nurse should check the client for a potential hypoglycemic reaction at what time?

1. 5:00 PM
2. 10:00 AM
3. 11:00 AM
4. 11:00 PM
5. 5:00 PM
   Rationale:
   NPH is intermediate-acting insulin. Its onset of action is 1 to 2½ hours, it peaks in 4 to 12 hours, and its duration of action is 24 hours. Hypoglycemic reactions most likely occur during peak time.

116.) A nurse administers a dose of scopolamine (Transderm-Scop) to a postoperative client. The nurse tells the client to expect which of the following side effects of this medication?

1. Dry mouth
2. Diaphoresis
3. Excessive urination
4. Pupillary constriction
5. Dry mouth
   Rationale:
   Scopolamine is an anticholinergic medication for the prevention of nausea and vomiting that causes the frequent side effects of dry mouth, urinary retention, decreased sweating, and dilation of the pupils. The other options describe the opposite effects of cholinergic-blocking agents and therefore are incorrect.

117.) A nurse has given the client taking ethambutol (Myambutol) information about the medication. The nurse determines that the client understands the instructions if the client immediately reports:

1. Impaired sense of hearing
2. Distressing gastrointestinal side effects
3. Orange-red discoloration of body secretions
4. Difficulty discriminating the color red from green
5. Difficulty discriminating the color red from green
   Rationale:
   Ethambutol causes optic neuritis, which decreases visual acuity and the ability to discriminate between the colors red and green. This poses a potential safety hazard when driving a motor vehicle. The client is taught to report this symptom immediately. The client is also taught to take the medication with food if gastrointestinal upset occurs. Impaired hearing results from antitubercular therapy with streptomycin. Orange-red discoloration of secretions occurs with rifampin (Rifadin).

118.) A nurse is caring for an older client with a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis and has reinforced self-care instructions. Which statement by the client indicates that further teaching is necessary?

1. “I rest each afternoon after my walk.”
2. “I cough and deep breathe many times during the day.”
3. “If I get abdominal cramps and diarrhea, I should call my doctor.”
4. “I can change the time of my medication on the mornings that I feel strong.”
5. “I can change the time of my medication on the mornings that I feel strong.”
   Rationale:
   The client with myasthenia gravis should be taught that timing of anticholinesterase medication is critical. It is important to instruct the client to administer the medication on time to maintain a chemical balance at the neuromuscular junction. If not given on time, the client may become too weak to swallow. Options 1, 2, and 3 include the necessary information that the client needs to understand to maintain health with this neurological degenerative disease.

119.) A client with diabetes mellitus who has been controlled with daily insulin has been placed on atenolol (Tenormin) for the control of angina pectoris. Because of the effects of atenolol, the nurse determines that which of the following is the most reliable indicator of hypoglycemia?

1. Sweating
2. Tachycardia
3. Nervousness
4. Low blood glucose level
5. Low blood glucose level
   Rationale:
   β-Adrenergic blocking agents, such as atenolol, inhibit the appearance of signs and symptoms of acute hypoglycemia, which would include nervousness, increased heart rate, and sweating. Therefore, the client receiving this medication should adhere to the therapeutic regimen and monitor blood glucose levels carefully. Option 4 is the most reliable indicator of hypoglycemia.

120.) A client is taking lansoprazole (Prevacid) for the chronic management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The nurse advises the client to take which of the following products if needed for a headache?

1. Naprosyn (Aleve)
2. Ibuprofen (Advil)
3. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
4. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
5. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
   Rationale:
   Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a hypersecretory condition of the stomach. The client should avoid taking medications that are irritating to the stomach lining. Irritants would include aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (ibuprofen). The client should be advised to take acetaminophen for headache.
   Remember that options that are comparable or alike are not likely to be correct. With this in mind, eliminate options 1 and 2 first.

121.) A client who is taking hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL, HCTZ) has been started on triamterene (Dyrenium) as well. The client asks the nurse why both medications are required. The nurse formulates a response, based on the understanding that:

1. Both are weak potassium-losing diuretics.
2. The combination of these medications prevents renal toxicity.
3. Hydrochlorothiazide is an expensive medication, so using a combination of diuretics is cost-effective.
4. Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic, whereas hydrochlorothiazide is a potassium-losing diuretic.
5. Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic, whereas hydrochlorothiazide is a potassium-losing diuretic.
   Rationale:
   Potassium-sparing diuretics include amiloride (Midamor), spironolactone (Aldactone), and triamterene (Dyrenium). They are weak diuretics that are used in combination with potassium-losing diuretics. This combination is useful when medication and dietary supplement of potassium is not appropriate. The use of two different diuretics does not prevent renal toxicity. Hydrochlorothiazide is an effective and inexpensive generic form of the thiazide classification of diuretics.
   It is especially helpful to remember that hydrochlorothiazide is a potassium-losing diuretic and triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic

122.) A client who has begun taking fosinopril (Monopril) is very distressed, telling the nurse that he cannot taste food normally since beginning the medication 2 weeks ago. The nurse provides the best support to the client by:

1. Telling the client not to take the medication with food
2. Suggesting that the client taper the dose until taste returns to normal
3. Informing the client that impaired taste is expected and generally disappears in 2 to 3 months
4. Requesting that the health care provider (HCP) change the prescription to another brand of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
5. Informing the client that impaired taste is expected and generally disappears in 2 to 3 months
   Rationale:
   ACE inhibitors, such as fosinopril, cause temporary impairment of taste (dysgeusia). The nurse can tell the client that this effect usually disappears in 2 to 3 months, even with continued therapy, and provide nutritional counseling if appropriate to avoid weight loss. Options 1, 2, and 4 are inappropriate actions. Taking this medication with or without food does not affect absorption and action. The dosage should never be tapered without HCP approval and the medication should never be stopped abruptly.

123.) A nurse is planning to administer amlodipine (Norvasc) to a client. The nurse plans to check which of the following before giving the medication?

1. Respiratory rate
2. Blood pressure and heart rate
3. Heart rate and respiratory rate
4. Level of consciousness and blood pressure
5. Blood pressure and heart rate
   Rationale:
   Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker. This medication decreases the rate and force of cardiac contraction. Before administering a calcium channel blocking agent, the nurse should check the blood pressure and heart rate, which could both decrease in response to the action of this medication. This action will help to prevent or identify early problems related to decreased cardiac contractility, heart rate, and conduction.
   amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker, and this group of medications decreases the rate and force of cardiac contraction. This in turn lowers the pulse rate and blood pressure.

124.) A client with chronic renal failure is receiving ferrous sulfate (Feosol). The nurse monitors the client for which common side effect associated with this medication?

1. Diarrhea
2. Weakness
3. Headache
4. Constipation
5. Constipation
   Rationale:
   Feosol is an iron supplement used to treat anemia. Constipation is a frequent and uncomfortable side effect associated with the administration of oral iron supplements. Stool softeners are often prescribed to prevent constipation.
   Focus on the name of the medication. Recalling that oral iron can cause constipation will easily direct you to the correct option.

125.) A nurse is preparing to administer digoxin (Lanoxin), 0.125 mg orally, to a client with heart failure. Which vital sign is most important for the nurse to check before administering the medication?

1. Heart rate
2. Temperature
3. Respirations
4. Blood pressure
5. Heart rate
   Rationale:
   Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that is used to treat heart failure and acts by increasing the force of myocardial contraction. Because bradycardia may be a clinical sign of toxicity, the nurse counts the apical heart rate for 1 full minute before administering the medication. If the pulse rate is less than 60 beats/minute in an adult client, the nurse would withhold the medication and report the pulse rate to the registered nurse, who would then contact the health care provider.

126.) A nurse is caring for a client who has been prescribed furosemide (Lasix) and is monitoring for adverse effects associated with this medication. Which of the following should the nurse recognize as a potential adverse effect Select all that apply.

1. Nausea
2. Tinnitus
3. Hypotension
4. Hypokalemia
5. Photosensitivity
6. Increased urinary frequency
7. Tinnitus
8. Hypotension
9. Hypokalemia
   Rationale:
   Furosemide is a loop diuretic; therefore, an expected effect is increased urinary frequency. Nausea is a frequent side effect, not an adverse effect. Photosensitivity is an occasional side effect. Adverse effects include tinnitus (ototoxicity), hypotension, and hypokalemia and occur as a result of sudden volume depletion.

127.) The nurse provides medication instructions to an older hypertensive client who is taking 20 mg of lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) orally daily. The nurse evaluates the need for further teaching when the client states which of the following?

1. “I can skip a dose once a week.”
2. “I need to change my position slowly.”
3. “I take the pill after breakfast each day.”
4. “If I get a bad headache, I should call my doctor immediately.”
5. “I can skip a dose once a week.”
   Rationale:
   Lisinopril is an antihypertensive angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. The usual dosage range is 20 to 40 mg per day. Adverse effects include headache, dizziness, fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, and angioedema. Specific client teaching points include taking one pill a day, not stopping the medication without consulting the health care provider (HCP), and monitoring for side effects and adverse reactions. The client should notify the HCP if side effects occur.

128.) A nurse is providing instructions to an adolescent who has a history of seizures and is taking an anticonvulsant medication. Which of the following statements indicates that the client understands the instructions?

1. “I will never be able to drive a car.”
2. “My anticonvulsant medication will clear up my skin.”
3. “I can’t drink alcohol while I am taking my medication.”
4. “If I forget my morning medication, I can take two pills at bedtime.”
5. “I can’t drink alcohol while I am taking my medication.”
   Rationale:
   Alcohol will lower the seizure threshold and should be avoided. Adolescents can obtain a driver’s license in most states when they have been seizure free for 1 year. Anticonvulsants cause acne and oily skin; therefore a dermatologist may need to be consulted. If an anticonvulsant medication is missed, the health care provider should be notified.

129.) Megestrol acetate (Megace), an antineoplastic medication, is prescribed for the client with metastatic endometrial carcinoma. The nurse reviews the client’s history and contacts the registered nurse if which diagnosis is documented in the client’s history?

1. Gout
2. Asthma
3. Thrombophlebitis
4. Myocardial infarction
5. Thrombophlebitis
   Rationale:
   Megestrol acetate (Megace) suppresses the release of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary by inhibiting pituitary function and regressing tumor size. Megestrol is used with caution if the client has a history of thrombophlebitis.
   megestrol acetate is a hormonal antagonist enzyme and that a side effect is thrombotic disorders

130.) The nurse is analyzing the laboratory results of a client with leukemia who has received a regimen of chemotherapy. Which laboratory value would the nurse specifically note as a result of the massive cell destruction that occurred from the chemotherapy?

1. Anemia
2. Decreased platelets
3. Increased uric acid level
4. Decreased leukocyte count
5. Increased uric acid level
   Rationale:
   Hyperuricemia is especially common following treatment for leukemias and lymphomas because chemotherapy results in a massive cell kill. Although options 1, 2, and 4 also may be noted, an increased uric acid level is related specifically to cell destruction.

131.) The nurse is reinforcing medication instructions to a client with breast cancer who is receiving cyclophosphamide (Neosar). The nurse tells the client to:

1. Take the medication with food.
2. Increase fluid intake to 2000 to 3000 mL daily.
3. Decrease sodium intake while taking the medication.
4. Increase potassium intake while taking the medication.
5. Increase fluid intake to 2000 to 3000 mL daily.
   Rationale:
   Hemorrhagic cystitis is a toxic effect that can occur with the use of cyclophosphamide. The client needs to be instructed to drink copious amounts of fluid during the administration of this medication. Clients also should monitor urine output for hematuria. The medication should be taken on an empty stomach, unless gastrointestinal (GI) upset occurs. Hyperkalemia can result from the use of the medication; therefore the client would not be told to increase potassium intake. The client would not be instructed to alter sodium intake.

132.) The client with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is receiving daunorubicin (DaunoXome). Which of the following would indicate to the nurse that the client is experiencing a toxic effect related to the medication?

1. Fever
2. Diarrhea
3. Complaints of nausea and vomiting
4. Crackles on auscultation of the lungs
5. Crackles on auscultation of the lungs
   Rationale:
   Cardiotoxicity noted by abnormal electrocardiographic findings or cardiomyopathy manifested as congestive heart failure is a toxic effect of daunorubicin. Bone marrow depression is also a toxic effect. Nausea and vomiting are frequent side effects associated with the medication that begins a few hours after administration and lasts 24 to 48 hours. Fever is a frequent side effect, and diarrhea can occur occasionally. The other options, however, are not toxic effects.
   keep in mind that the question is asking about a toxic effect and think: ABCs—airway, breathing, and circulation

133.) A nurse is monitoring a client receiving desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) for adverse effects to the medication. Which of the following indicates the presence of an adverse effect?

1. Insomnia
2. Drowsiness
3. Weight loss
4. Increased urination
5. Drowsiness
   Rationale:
   Water intoxication (overhydration) or hyponatremia is an adverse effect to desmopressin. Early signs include drowsiness, listlessness, and headache. Decreased urination, rapid weight gain, confusion, seizures, and coma also may occur in overhydration.
   Recall that this medication is used to treat diabetes insipidus to eliminate weight loss and increased urination.

134.) A nurse reinforces instructions to a client who is taking levothyroxine (Synthroid). The nurse tells the client to take the medication:

1. With food
2. At lunchtime
3. On an empty stomach
4. At bedtime with a snack
   Rationale:
   Oral doses of levothyroxine (Synthroid) should be taken on an empty stomach to enhance absorption. Dosing should be done in the morning before breakfast.
   Note that options 1, 2, and 4 are comparable or alike in that these options address administering the medication with food.

135.) A nurse reinforces medication instructions to a client who is taking levothyroxine (Synthroid). The nurse instructs the client to notify the health care provider (HCP) if which of the following occurs?

1. Fatigue
2. Tremors
3. Cold intolerance
4. Excessively dry skin
5. Tremors
   Rationale:
   Excessive doses of levothyroxine (Synthroid) can produce signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism. These include tachycardia, chest pain, tremors, nervousness, insomnia, hyperthermia, heat intolerance, and sweating. The client should be instructed to notify the HCP if these occur. Options 1, 3, and 4 are signs of hypothyroidism.

136.) A nurse performs an admission assessment on a client who visits a health care clinic for the first time. The client tells the nurse that propylthiouracil (PTU) is taken daily. The nurse continues to collect data from the client, suspecting that the client has a history of:

1. Myxedema
2. Graves’ disease
3. Addison’s disease
4. Cushing’s syndrome
5. Graves’ disease
   Rationale:
   PTU inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis and is used to treat hyperthyroidism, or Graves’ disease. Myxedema indicates hypothyroidism.
   Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease are disorders related to adrenal function.

137.) A nurse is reinforcing instructions for a client regarding intranasal desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). The nurse tells the client that which of the following is a side effect of the medication?

1. Headache
2. Vulval pain
3. Runny nose
4. Flushed skin
5. Runny nose
   Rationale:
   Desmopressin administered by the intranasal route can cause a runny or stuffy nose. Headache, vulval pain, and flushed skin are side effects if the medication is administered by the intravenous (IV) route.

138.) A daily dose of prednisone is prescribed for a client. A nurse reinforces instructions to the client regarding administration of the medication and instructs the client that the best time to take this medication is:

1. At noon
2. At bedtime
3. Early morning
4. Anytime, at the same time, each day
5. Early morning
   Rationale:
   Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids) should be administered before 9:00 AM. Administration at this time helps minimize adrenal insufficiency and mimics the burst of glucocorticoids released naturally by the adrenal glands each morning.
   Note the suffix “-sone,” and recall that medication names that end with these letters are corticosteroids.

139.) Prednisone is prescribed for a client with diabetes mellitus who is taking Humulin neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin daily. Which of the following prescription changes does the nurse anticipate during therapy with the prednisone?

1. An additional dose of prednisone daily
2. A decreased amount of daily Humulin NPH insulin
3. An increased amount of daily Humulin NPH insulin
4. The addition of an oral hypoglycemic medication daily
5. An increased amount of daily Humulin NPH insulin
   Rationale:
   Glucocorticoids can elevate blood glucose levels. Clients with diabetes mellitus may need their dosages of insulin or oral hypoglycemic medications increased during glucocorticoid therapy. Therefore the other options are incorrect.

140.) The client has a new prescription for metoclopramide (Reglan). On review of the chart, the nurse identifies that this medication can be safely administered with which condition?

1. Intestinal obstruction
2. Peptic ulcer with melena
3. Diverticulitis with perforation
4. Vomiting following cancer chemotherapy
5. Vomiting following cancer chemotherapy
   Rationale:
   Metoclopramide is a gastrointestinal (GI) stimulant and antiemetic. Because it is a GI stimulant, it is contraindicated with GI obstruction, hemorrhage, or perforation. It is used in the treatment of emesis after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

141.) The nurse has reinforced instructions to a client who has been prescribed cholestyramine (Questran). Which statement by the client indicates a need for further instructions?

1. “I will continue taking vitamin supplements.”
2. “This medication will help lower my cholesterol.”
3. “This medication should only be taken with water.”
4. “A high-fiber diet is important while taking this medication.”
5. “This medication should only be taken with water.”
   Rationale:
   Cholestyramine (Questran) is a bile acid sequestrant used to lower the cholesterol level, and client compliance is a problem because of its taste and palatability. The use of flavored products or fruit juices can improve the taste. Some side effects of bile acid sequestrants include constipation and decreased vitamin absorption.
   Note the closed-ended word “only” in option 3

142.) A health care provider has written a prescription for ranitidine (Zantac), once daily. The nurse should schedule the medication for which of the following times?

1. At bedtime
2. After lunch
3. With supper
4. Before breakfast
5. At bedtime
   Rationale:
   A single daily dose of ranitidine is usually scheduled to be given at bedtime. This allows for a prolonged effect, and the greatest protection of the gastric mucosa.
   recall that ranitidine suppresses secretions of gastric acids

143.) A client has just taken a dose of trimethobenzamide (Tigan). The nurse plans to monitor this client for relief of:

1. Heartburn
2. Constipation
3. Abdominal pain
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Nausea and vomiting
   Rationale:
   Trimethobenzamide is an antiemetic agent used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting. The other options are incorrect.

144.) A client is taking docusate sodium (Colace). The nurse monitors which of the following to determine whether the client is having a therapeutic effect from this medication?

1. Abdominal pain
2. Reduction in steatorrhea
3. Hematest-negative stools
4. Regular bowel movements
5. Regular bowel movements
   Rationale:
   Docusate sodium is a stool softener that promotes the absorption of water into the stool, producing a softer consistency of stool. The intended effect is relief or prevention of constipation. The medication does not relieve abdominal pain, stop gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, or decrease the amount of fat in the stools.

145.) A nurse has a prescription to give a client albuterol (Proventil HFA) (two puffs) and beclomethasone dipropionate (Qvar) (nasal inhalation, two puffs), by metered-dose inhaler. The nurse administers the medication by giving the:

1. Albuterol first and then the beclomethasone dipropionate
2. Beclomethasone dipropionate first and then the albuterol
3. Alternating a single puff of each, beginning with the albuterol
4. Alternating a single puff of each, beginning with the beclomethasone dipropionate
5. Albuterol first and then the beclomethasone dipropionate
   Rationale:
   Albuterol is a bronchodilator. Beclomethasone dipropionate is a glucocorticoid. Bronchodilators are always administered before glucocorticoids when both are to be given on the same time schedule. This allows for widening of the air passages by the bronchodilator, which then makes the glucocorticoid more effective.

146.) A client has begun therapy with theophylline (Theo-24). The nurse tells the client to limit the intake of which of the following while taking this medication?

1. Oranges and pineapple
2. Coffee, cola, and chocolate
3. Oysters, lobster, and shrimp
4. Cottage cheese, cream cheese, and dairy creamers
5. Coffee, cola, and chocolate
   Rationale:
   Theophylline is a xanthine bronchodilator. The nurse teaches the client to limit the intake of xanthine-containing foods while taking this medication. These include coffee, cola, and chocolate.

147.) A client with a prescription to take theophylline (Theo-24) daily has been given medication instructions by the nurse. The nurse determines that the client needs further information about the medication if the client states that he or she will:

1. Drink at least 2 L of fluid per day.
2. Take the daily dose at bedtime.
3. Avoid changing brands of the medication without health care provider (HCP) approval.
4. Avoid over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medications unless approved by the HCP.
5. Take the daily dose at bedtime.
   Rationale:
   The client taking a single daily dose of theophylline, a xanthine bronchodilator, should take the medication early in the morning. This enables the client to have maximal benefit from the medication during daytime activities. In addition, this medication causes insomnia. The client should take in at least 2 L of fluid per day to decrease viscosity of secretions. The client should check with the physician before changing brands of the medication. The client also checks with the HCP before taking OTC cough, cold, or other respiratory preparations because they could cause interactive effects, increasing the side effects of theophylline and causing dysrhythmias.

148.) A client is taking cetirizine hydrochloride (Zyrtec). The nurse checks for which of the following side effects of this medication?

1. Diarrhea
2. Excitability
3. Drowsiness
4. Excess salivation
5. Drowsiness
   Rationale:
   A frequent side effect of cetirizine hydrochloride (Zyrtec), an antihistamine, is drowsiness or sedation. Others include blurred vision, hypertension (and sometimes hypotension), dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and sweating.

149.) A client taking fexofenadine (Allegra) is scheduled for allergy skin testing and tells the nurse in the health care provider’s office that a dose was taken this morning. The nurse determines that:

1. The client should reschedule the appointment.
2. A lower dose of allergen will need to be injected.
3. A higher dose of allergen will need to be injected.
4. The client should have the skin test read a day later than usual.
5. The client should reschedule the appointment.
   Rationale:
   Fexofenadine is an antihistamine, which provides relief of symptoms caused by allergy. Antihistamines should be discontinued for at least 3 days (72 hours) before allergy skin testing to avoid false-negative readings. This client should have the appointment rescheduled for 3 days after discontinuing the medication.

150.) A client complaining of not feeling well is seen in a clinic. The client is taking several medications for the control of heart disease and hypertension. These medications include a β-blocker, digoxin (Lanoxin), and a diuretic. A tentative diagnosis of digoxin toxicity is made. Which of the following assessment data would support this diagnosis?

1. Dyspnea, edema, and palpitations
2. Chest pain, hypotension, and paresthesia
3. Double vision, loss of appetite, and nausea
4. Constipation, dry mouth, and sleep disorder
5. Double vision, loss of appetite, and nausea
   Rationale:
   Double vision, loss of appetite, and nausea are signs of digoxin toxicity. Additional signs of digoxin toxicity include bradycardia, difficulty reading, visual alterations such as green and yellow vision or seeing spots or halos, confusion, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased libido, and impotence.
   gastrointestinal (GI) and visual disturbances occur with digoxin toxicity

151.) A client is being treated for acute congestive heart failure with intravenously administered bumetanide. The vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 100/60 mm Hg; pulse, 96 beats/min; and respirations, 24 breaths/min. After the initial dose, which of the following is the priority assessment?

1. Monitoring weight loss
2. Monitoring temperature
3. Monitoring blood pressure
4. Monitoring potassium level
5. Monitoring blood pressure
   Rationale:
   Bumetanide is a loop diuretic. Hypotension is a common side effect associated with the use of this medication. The other options also require assessment but are not the priority.
   priority ABCs—airway, breathing, and circulation

152.) Intravenous heparin therapy is prescribed for a client. While implementing this prescription, a nurse ensures that which of the following medications is available on the nursing unit?

1. Protamine sulfate
2. Potassium chloride
3. Phytonadione (vitamin K )
4. Aminocaproic acid (Amicar)
5. Protamine sulfate
   Rationale:
   The antidote to heparin is protamine sulfate; it should be readily available for use if excessive bleeding or hemorrhage occurs. Potassium chloride is administered for a potassium deficit. Vitamin K is an antidote for warfarin sodium. Aminocaproic acid is the antidote for thrombolytic therapy.

153.) A client is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism and is to be treated with streptokinase (Streptase). A nurse would report which priority data collection finding to the registered nurse before initiating this therapy?

1. Adventitious breath sounds
2. Temperature of 99.4° F orally
3. Blood pressure of 198/110 mm Hg
4. Respiratory rate of 28 breaths/min
5. Blood pressure of 198/110 mm Hg
   Rationale:
   Thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated in a number of preexisting conditions in which there is a risk of uncontrolled bleeding, similar to the case in anticoagulant therapy. Thrombolytic therapy also is contraindicated in severe uncontrolled hypertension because of the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Therefore the nurse would report the results of the blood pressure to the registered nurse before initiating therapy. The findings in options 1, 2, and 4 may be present in the client with pulmonary embolism.

154.) A nurse is reinforcing dietary instructions to a client who has been prescribed cyclosporine (Sandimmune). Which food item would the nurse instruct the client to avoid?

1. Red meats
2. Orange juice
3. Grapefruit juice
4. Green, leafy vegetables
5. Grapefruit juice
   Rationale:
   A compound present in grapefruit juice inhibits metabolism of cyclosporine. As a result, the consumption of grapefruit juice can raise cyclosporine levels by 50% to 100%, thereby greatly increasing the risk of toxicity. Grapefruit juice needs to be avoided. Red meats, orange juice, and green leafy vegetables are acceptable to consume.

155.) Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) is prescribed for a client as prophylaxis for organ rejection following an allogeneic renal transplant. Which of the following instructions does the nurse reinforce regarding administration of this medication?

1. Administer following meals.
2. Take the medication with a magnesium-type antacid.
3. Open the capsule and mix with food for administration.
4. Contact the health care provider (HCP) if a sore throat occurs.
5. Contact the health care provider (HCP) if a sore throat occurs.
   Rationale:
   Mycophenolate mofetil should be administered on an empty stomach. The capsules should not be opened or crushed. The client should contact the HCP if unusual bleeding or bruising, sore throat, mouth sores, abdominal pain, or fever occurs because these are adverse effects of the medication. Antacids containing magnesium and aluminum may decrease the absorption of the medication and therefore should not be taken with the medication. The medication may be given in combination with corticosteroids and cyclosporine.
   neutropenia can occur with this medication

156.) A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results for a client receiving tacrolimus (Prograf). Which laboratory result would indicate to the nurse that the client is experiencing an adverse effect of the medication?

1. Blood glucose of 200 mg/dL
2. Potassium level of 3.8 mEq/L
3. Platelet count of 300,000 cells/mm3
4. White blood cell count of 6000 cells/mm3
5. Blood glucose of 200 mg/dL
   Rationale:
   A blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL is elevated above the normal range of 70 to 110 mg/dL and suggests an adverse effect. Other adverse effects include neurotoxicity evidenced by headache, tremor, insomnia; gastrointestinal (GI) effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting; hypertension; and hyperkalemia.

157.) A client receiving nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) calls the health care provider’s office complaining of side effects related to the medication. Which side effect indicates the need to stop treatment with this medication?

1. Nausea
2. Diarrhea
3. Anorexia
4. Cough and chest pain
5. Cough and chest pain
   Rationale:
   Gastrointestinal (GI) effects are the most frequent adverse reactions to this medication and can be minimized by administering the medication with milk or meals. Pulmonary reactions, manifested as dyspnea, chest pain, chills, fever, cough, and the presence of alveolar infiltrates on the x-ray, would indicate the need to stop the treatment. These symptoms resolve in 2 to 4 days following discontinuation of this medication.
   Eliminate options 1, 2, and 3 because they are similar GI-related side effects. Also, use the ABCs— airway, breathing, and circulation

158.) A client with chronic renal failure is receiving epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit). Which laboratory result would indicate a therapeutic effect of the medication?

1. Hematocrit of 32%
2. Platelet count of 400,000 cells/mm3
3. White blood cell count of 6000 cells/mm3
4. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 15 mg/dL
5. Hematocrit of 32%
   Rationale:
   Epoetin alfa is used to reverse anemia associated with chronic renal failure. A therapeutic effect is seen when the hematocrit is between 30% and 33%. The laboratory tests noted in the other options are unrelated to the use of this medication.

159.) A nurse is caring for a client receiving morphine sulfate subcutaneously for pain. Because morphine sulfate has been prescribed for this client, which nursing action would be included in the plan of care?

1. Encourage fluid intake.
2. Monitor the client’s temperature.
3. Maintain the client in a supine position.
4. Encourage the client to cough and deep breathe.
5. Encourage the client to cough and deep breathe.
   Rationale:
   Morphine sulfate suppresses the cough reflex. Clients need to be encouraged to cough and deep breathe to prevent pneumonia.
   ABCs—airway, breathing, and circulation

160.) Meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) is prescribed for the client with pain. Which of the following would the nurse monitor for as a side effect of this medication?

1. Diarrhea
2. Bradycardia
3. Hypertension
4. Urinary retention
5. Urinary retention
   Rationale:
   Meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) is an opioid analgesic. Side effects of this medication include respiratory depression, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, drowsiness and mental clouding, constipation, and urinary retention.

161.) A nurse is caring for a client with severe back pain, and codeine sulfate has been prescribed for the client. Which of the following would the nurse include in the plan of care while the client is taking this medication?

1. Restrict fluid intake.
2. Monitor bowel activity.
3. Monitor for hypertension.
4. Monitor peripheral pulses.
5. Monitor bowel activity.
   Rationale:
   While the client is taking codeine sulfate, an opioid analgesic, the nurse would monitor vital signs and monitor for hypotension. The nurse should also increase fluid intake, palpate the bladder for urinary retention, auscultate bowel sounds, and monitor the pattern of daily bowel activity and stool consistency (codeine can cause constipation). The nurse should monitor respiratory status and initiate breathing and coughing exercises. In addition, the nurse monitors the effectiveness of the pain medication.

162.) Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is prescribed for a client with a diagnosis of psychomotor seizures. The nurse reviews the client’s health history, knowing that this medication is contraindicated if which of the following disorders is present?

1. Headaches
2. Liver disease
3. Hypothyroidism
4. Diabetes mellitus
5. Liver disease
   Rationale:
   Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is contraindicated in liver disease, and liver function tests are routinely prescribed for baseline purposes and are monitored during therapy. It is also contraindicated if the client has a history of blood dyscrasias. It is not contraindicated in the conditions noted in the incorrect options.

163.) A client with trigeminal neuralgia tells the nurse that acetaminophen (Tylenol) is taken on a frequent daily basis for relief of generalized discomfort. The nurse reviews the client’s laboratory results and determines that which of the following indicates toxicity associated with the medication?

1. Sodium of 140 mEq/L
2. Prothrombin time of 12 seconds
3. Platelet count of 400,000 cells/mm3
4. A direct bilirubin level of 2 mg/dL
5. A direct bilirubin level of 2 mg/dL
   Rationale:
   In adults, overdose of acetaminophen (Tylenol) causes liver damage. Option 4 is an indicator of liver function and is the only option that indicates an abnormal laboratory value. The normal direct bilirubin is 0 to 0.4 mg/dL. The normal platelet count is 150,000 to 400,000 cells/mm3. The normal prothrombin time is 10 to 13 seconds. The normal sodium level is 135 to 145 mEq/L.

164.) A client receives a prescription for methocarbamol (Robaxin), and the nurse reinforces instructions to the client regarding the medication. Which client statement would indicate a need for further instructions?

1. “My urine may turn brown or green.”
2. “This medication is prescribed to help relieve my muscle spasms.”
3. “If my vision becomes blurred, I don’t need to be concerned about it.”
4. “I need to call my doctor if I experience nasal congestion from this medication.”
5. “If my vision becomes blurred, I don’t need to be concerned about it.”
   Rationale:
   The client needs to be told that the urine may turn brown, black, or green. Other adverse effects include blurred vision, nasal congestion, urticaria, and rash. The client needs to be instructed that, if these adverse effects occur, the health care provider needs to be notified. The medication is used to relieve muscle spasms.

165.) The client has been on treatment for rheumatoid arthritis for 3 weeks. During the administration of etanercept (Enbrel), it is most important for the nurse to assess:

1. The injection site for itching and edema
2. The white blood cell counts and platelet counts
3. Whether the client is experiencing fatigue and joint pain
4. A metallic taste in the mouth and a loss of appetite
5. The white blood cell counts and platelet counts
   Rationale:
   Infection and pancytopenia are adverse effects of etanercept (Enbrel). Laboratory studies are performed before and during treatment. The appearance of abnormal white blood cell counts and abnormal platelet counts can alert the nurse to a potential life-threatening infection. Injection site itching is a common occurrence following administration of the medication. In early treatment, residual fatigue and joint pain may still be apparent. A metallic taste and loss of appetite are not common signs of side effects of this medication.

166.) Alendronate (Fosamax) is prescribed for a client with osteoporosis. The client taking this medication is instructed to:

1. Take the medication at bedtime.
2. Take the medication in the morning with breakfast.
3. Lie down for 30 minutes after taking the medication.
4. Take the medication with a full glass of water after rising in the morning.
5. Take the medication with a full glass of water after rising in the morning.
   Rationale:
   Precautions need to be taken with administration of alendronate to prevent gastrointestinal side effects (especially esophageal irritation) and to increase absorption of the medication. The medication needs to be taken with a full glass of water after rising in the morning. The client should not eat or drink anything for 30 minutes following administration and should not lie down after taking the medication.

167.) A nurse prepares to reinforce instructions to a client who is taking allopurinol (Zyloprim). The nurse plans to include which of the following in the instructions?

1. Instruct the client to drink 3000 mL of fluid per day.
2. Instruct the client to take the medication on an empty stomach.
3. Inform the client that the effect of the medication will occur immediately.
4. Instruct the client that, if swelling of the lips occurs, this is a normal expected response.
5. Instruct the client to drink 3000 mL of fluid per day.
   Rationale:
   Allopurinol (Zyloprim) is an antigout medication used to decrease uric acid levels. Clients taking allopurinol are encouraged to drink 3000 mL of fluid a day. A full therapeutic effect may take 1 week or longer. Allopurinol is to be given with or immediately following meals or milk to prevent gastrointestinal irritation. If the client develops a rash, irritation of the eyes, or swelling of the lips or mouth, he or she should contact the health care provider because this may indicate hypersensitivity.

168.) Colcrys (colchicine) is prescribed for a client with a diagnosis of gout. The nurse reviews the client’s medical history in the health record, knowing that the medication would be contraindicated in which disorder?

1. Myxedema
2. Renal failure
3. Hypothyroidism
4. Diabetes mellitus
5. Renal failure
   Rationale:
   Colchicine is contraindicated in clients with severe gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic or cardiac disorders, or with blood dyscrasias. Clients with impaired renal function may exhibit myopathy and neuropathy manifested as generalized weakness. This medication should be used with caution in clients with impaired hepatic function, older clients, and debilitated clients.
   Note that options 1, 3, and 4 are all endocrine-related disorders: Myxedema=Hypothyroidism

169.) Insulin glargine (Lantus) is prescribed for a client with diabetes mellitus. The nurse tells the client that it is best to take the insulin:

1. 1 hour after each meal
2. Once daily, at the same time each day
3. 15 minutes before breakfast, lunch, and dinner
4. Before each meal, on the basis of the blood glucose level
5. Once daily, at the same time each day
   Rationale:
   Insulin glargine is a long-acting recombinant DNA human insulin used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has a 24-hour duration of action and is administered once a day, at the same time each day.

170.) Atenolol hydrochloride (Tenormin) is prescribed for a hospitalized client. The nurse should perform which of the following as a priority action before administering the medication?

1. Listen to the client’s lung sounds.
2. Check the client’s blood pressure.
3. Check the recent electrolyte levels.
4. Assess the client for muscle weakness.
5. Check the client’s blood pressure.
   Rationale:
   Atenolol hydrochloride is a beta-blocker used to treat hypertension. Therefore the priority nursing action before administration of the medication is to check the client’s blood pressure. The nurse also checks the client’s apical heart rate. If the systolic blood pressure is below 90 mm Hg or the apical pulse is 60 beats per minute or lower, the medication is withheld and the registered nurse and/or health care provider is notified. The nurse would check baseline renal and liver function tests. The medication may cause weakness, and the nurse would assist the client with activities if weakness occurs.
   Beta-blockers have “-lol” at the end of the medication name

171.) A nurse is preparing to administer furosemide (Lasix) to a client with a diagnosis of heart failure. The most important laboratory test result for the nurse to check before administering this medication is:

1. Potassium level
2. Creatinine level
3. Cholesterol level
4. Blood urea nitrogen
5. Potassium level
   Rationale:
   Furosemide is a loop diuretic. The medication causes a decrease in the client’s electrolytes, especially potassium, sodium, and chloride. Administering furosemide to a client with low electrolyte levels could precipitate ventricular dysrhythmias. Options 2 and 4 reflect renal function. The cholesterol level is unrelated to the administration of this medication.

172.) A nurse provides dietary instructions to a client who will be taking warfarin sodium (Coumadin). The nurse tells the client to avoid which food item?

1. Grapes
2. Spinach
3. Watermelon
4. Cottage cheese
5. Spinach
   Rationale:
   Warfarin sodium is an anticoagulant. Anticoagulant medications act by antagonizing the action of vitamin K, which is needed for clotting. When a client is taking an anticoagulant, foods high in vitamin K often are omitted from the diet. Vitamin K-rich foods include green, leafy vegetables, fish, liver, coffee, and tea.

173.) A nurse reviews the medication history of a client admitted to the hospital and notes that the client is taking leflunomide (Arava). During data collection, the nurse asks which question to determine medication effectiveness?

1. “Do you have any joint pain?”
2. “Are you having any diarrhea?”
3. “Do you have frequent headaches?”
4. “Are you experiencing heartburn?”
5. “Do you have any joint pain?”
   Rationale:
   Leflunomide is an immunosuppressive agent and has an anti-inflammatory action. The medication provides symptomatic relief of rheumatoid arthritis. Diarrhea can occur as a side effect of the medication. The other options are unrelated to medication effectiveness.

174.) A client with portosystemic encephalopathy is receiving oral lactulose (Chronulac) daily. The nurse assesses which of the following to determine medication effectiveness?

1. Lung sounds
2. Blood pressure
3. Blood ammonia level
4. Serum potassium level
5. Blood ammonia level
   Rationale:
   Lactulose is a hyperosmotic laxative and ammonia detoxicant. It is used to prevent or treat portosystemic encephalopathy, including hepatic precoma and coma. It also is used to treat constipation. The medication retains ammonia in the colon (decreases the blood ammonia concentration), producing an osmotic effect. It promotes increased peristalsis and bowel evacuation, expelling ammonia from the colon.

175.) A nurse notes that a client is receiving lamivudine (Epivir). The nurse determines that this medication has been prescribed to treat which of the following?

1. Pancreatitis
2. Pharyngitis
3. Tonic-clonic seizures
4. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
5. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
   Rationale:
   Lamivudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and antiviral medication. It slows HIV replication and reduces the progression of HIV infection. It also is used to treat chronic hepatitis B and is used for prophylaxis in health care workers at risk of acquiring HIV after occupational exposure to the virus.
   Note the letters “-vir” in the trade name for this medication

176.) A nurse notes that a client is taking lansoprazole (Prevacid). On data collection, the nurse asks which question to determine medication effectiveness?

1. “Has your appetite increased?”
2. “Are you experiencing any heartburn?”
3. “Do you have any problems with vision?”
4. “Do you experience any leg pain when walking?”
5. “Are you experiencing any heartburn?”
   Rationale:
   Lansoprazole is a gastric acid pump inhibitor used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and hypersecretory conditions. It also is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is not used to treat visual problems, problems with appetite, or leg pain.
   NOTE: “-zole” refers to gastric acid pump inhibitors

177.) A nurse is assisting in caring for a pregnant client who is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate for the management of preeclampsia and notes that the client’s deep tendon reflexes are absent. On the basis of this data, the nurse reports the finding and makes which determination?

1. The magnesium sulfate is effective.
2. The infusion rate needs to be increased.
3. The client is experiencing cerebral edema.
4. The client is experiencing magnesium toxicity.
5. The client is experiencing magnesium toxicity.
   Rationale:
   Magnesium toxicity can occur as a result of magnesium sulfate therapy. Signs of magnesium sulfate toxicity relate to the central nervous system depressant effects of the medication and include respiratory depression; loss of deep tendon reflexes; sudden decrease in fetal heart rate or maternal heart rate, or both; and sudden drop in blood pressure. Hyperreflexia indicates increased cerebral edema. An absence of reflexes indicates magnesium toxicity. The therapeutic serum level of magnesium for a client receiving magnesium sulfate ranges from 4 to 7.5 mEq/L (5 to 8 mg/dL).

178.) Methylergonovine (Methergine) is prescribed for a client with postpartum hemorrhage caused by uterine atony. Before administering the medication, the nurse checks which of the following as the important client parameter?

1. Temperature
2. Lochial flow
3. Urine output
4. Blood pressure
5. Blood pressure
   Rationale:
   Methylergonovine is an ergot alkaloid used for postpartum hemorrhage. It stimulates contraction of the uterus and causes arterial vasoconstriction. Ergot alkaloids are avoided in clients with significant cardiovascular disease, peripheral disease, hypertension, eclampsia, or preeclampsia. These conditions are worsened by the vasoconstrictive effects of the ergot alkaloids. The nurse would check the client’s blood pressure before administering the medication and would follow agency protocols regarding withholding of the medication. Options 1, 2, and 3 are items that are checked in the postpartum period, but they are unrelated to the use of this medication.

179.) A nurse provides medication instructions to a client who had a kidney transplant about therapy with cyclosporine (Sandimmune). Which statement by the client indicates a need for further instruction?

1. “I need to obtain a yearly influenza vaccine.”
2. “I need to have dental checkups every 3 months.”
3. “I need to self-monitor my blood pressure at home.”
4. “I need to call the health care provider (HCP) if my urine volume decreases or my urine becomes cloudy.”
5. “I need to obtain a yearly influenza vaccine.”
   Rationale:
   Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant medication. Because of the medication’s effects, the client should not receive any vaccinations without first consulting the HCP. The client should report decreased urine output or cloudy urine, which could indicate kidney rejection or infection, respectively. The client must be able to self-monitor blood pressure to check for the side effect of hypertension. The client needs meticulous oral care and dental cleaning every 3 months to help prevent gingival hyperplasia.

180.) A health care provider (HCP) writes a prescription for digoxin (Lanoxin), 0.25 mg daily. The nurse teaches the client about the medication and tells the client that it is important to:

1. Count the radial and carotid pulses every morning.
2. Check the blood pressure every morning and evening.
3. Stop taking the medication if the pulse is higher than 100 beats per minute.
4. Withhold the medication and call the HCP if the pulse is less than 60 beats per minute.
5. Withhold the medication and call the HCP if the pulse is less than 60 beats per minute.
   Rationale:
   An important component of taking this medication is monitoring the pulse rate; however, it is not necessary for the client to take both the radial and carotid pulses. It is not necessary for the client to check the blood pressure every morning and evening because the medication does not directly affect blood pressure. It is most important for the client to know the guidelines related to withholding the medication and calling the HCP. The client should not stop taking a medication.

181.) A client is taking ticlopidine hydrochloride (Ticlid). The nurse tells the client to avoid which of the following while taking this medication?

1. Vitamin C
2. Vitamin D
3. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
4. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
5. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
   Rationale:
   Ticlopidine hydrochloride is a platelet aggregation inhibitor. It is used to decrease the risk of thrombotic strokes in clients with precursor symptoms. Because it is an antiplatelet agent, other medications that precipitate or aggravate bleeding should be avoided during its use. Therefore, aspirin or any aspirin-containing product should be avoided.

182.) A client with angina pectoris is experiencing chest pain that radiates down the left arm. The nurse administers a sublingual nitroglycerin tablet to the client. The client’s pain is unrelieved, and the nurse determines that the client needs another nitroglycerin tablet. Which of the following vital signs is most important for the nurse to check before administering the medication?

1. Temperature
2. Respirations
3. Blood pressure
4. Radial pulse rate
   Rationale:
   Nitroglycerin acts directly on the smooth muscle of the blood vessels, causing relaxation and dilation. As a result, hypotension can occur. The nurse would check the client’s blood pressure before administering the second nitroglycerin tablet. Although the respirations and apical pulse may be checked, these vital signs are not affected as a result of this medication. The temperature also is not associated with the administration of this medication.

183.) A client who received a kidney transplant is taking azathioprine (Imuran), and the nurse provides instructions about the medication. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further instructions?

1. “I need to watch for signs of infection.”
2. “I need to discontinue the medication after 14 days of use.”
3. “I can take the medication with meals to minimize nausea.”
4. “I need to call the health care provider (HCP) if more than one dose is missed.”
5. “I need to discontinue the medication after 14 days of use.”
   Rationale:
   Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant medication that is taken for life. Because of the effects of the medication, the client must watch for signs of infection, which are reported immediately to the HCP. The client should also call the HCP if more than one dose is missed. The medication may be taken with meals to minimize nausea.

184.) A nurse preparing a client for surgery reviews the client’s medication record. The client is to be nothing per mouth (NPO) after midnight. Which of the following medications, if noted on the client’s record, should the nurse question?

1. Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
2. Alendronate (Fosamax)
3. Allopurinol (Zyloprim)
4. Prednisone
5. Prednisone
   Rationale:
   Prednisone is a corticosteroid that can cause adrenal atrophy, which reduces the body’s ability to withstand stress. Before and during surgery, dosages may be temporarily increased. Cyclobenzaprine is a skeletal muscle relaxant. Alendronate is a bone-resorption inhibitor. Allopurinol is an antigout medication.

185.) Which of the following herbal therapies would be prescribed for its use as an antispasmodic? Select all that apply.
1.Aloe
2.Kava
3.Ginger
4.Chamomile
5.Peppermint oil
4.Chamomile
5.Peppermint oil
Rationale:
Chamomile has a mild sedative effect and acts as an antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory. Peppermint oil acts as an antispasmodic and is used for irritable bowel syndrome. Topical aloe promotes wound healing. Aloe taken orally acts as a laxative. Kava has an anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic effect. Ginger is effective in relieving nausea.

186.) A nurse prepares to administer sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) to a client. Before administering the medication, the nurse reviews the action of the medication and understands that it:

1. Releases bicarbonate in exchange for primarily sodium ions
2. Releases sodium ions in exchange for primarily potassium ions
3. Releases potassium ions in exchange for primarily sodium ions
4. Releases sodium ions in exchange for primarily bicarbonate ions
5. Releases sodium ions in exchange for primarily potassium ions
   Rationale:
   Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a cation exchange resin used in the treatment of hyperkalemia. The resin either passes through the intestine or is retained in the colon. It releases sodium ions in exchange for primarily potassium ions. The therapeutic effect occurs 2 to 12 hours after oral administration and longer after rectal administration.

187.) A clinic nurse prepares to administer an MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine to a child. How is this vaccine best administered?

1. Intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle
2. Subcutaneously in the gluteal muscle
3. Subcutaneously in the outer aspect of the upper arm
4. Intramuscularly in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh
5. Subcutaneously in the outer aspect of the upper arm
   Rationale:
   The MMR vaccine is administered subcutaneously in the outer aspect of the upper arm. The gluteal muscle is most often used for intramuscular injections. The MMR vaccine is not administered by the intramuscular route.

188.) The nurse should anticipate that the most likely medication to be prescribed prophylactically for a child with spina bifida (myelomeningocele) who has a neurogenic bladder would be:

1. Prednisone
2. Sulfisoxazole
3. Furosemide (Lasix)
4. Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG)
5. Sulfisoxazole
   Rationale:
   A neurogenic bladder prevents the bladder from completely emptying because of the decrease in muscle tone. The most likely medication to be prescribed to prevent urinary tract infection would be an antibiotic. A common prescribed medication is sulfisoxazole. Prednisone relieves allergic reactions and inflammation rather than preventing infection. Furosemide promotes diuresis and decreases edema caused by congestive heart failure. IVIG assists with antibody production in immunocompromised clients.

189.) Prostaglandin E1 is prescribed for a child with transposition of the great arteries. The mother of the child asks the nurse why the child needs the medication. The nurse tells the mother that the medication:

1. Prevents hypercyanotic (blue or tet) spells
2. Maintains an adequate hormone level
3. Maintains the position of the great arteries
4. Provides adequate oxygen saturation and maintains cardiac output
5. Provides adequate oxygen saturation and maintains cardiac output
   Rationale:
   A child with transposition of the great arteries may receive prostaglandin E1 temporarily to increase blood mixing if systemic and pulmonary mixing are inadequate to maintain adequate cardiac output. Options 1, 2, and 3 are incorrect. In addition, hypercyanotic spells occur in tetralogy of Fallot.
   Use the ABCs—airway, breathing, and circulation—to answer the question. The correct option addresses circulation

190.) A child is hospitalized with a diagnosis of lead poisoning. The nurse assisting in caring for the child would prepare to assist in administering which of the following medications?

1. Activated charcoal
2. Sodium bicarbonate
3. Syrup of ipecac syrup
4. Dimercaprol (BAL in Oil)
5. Dimercaprol (BAL in Oil)
   Rationale:
   Dimercaprol is a chelating agent that is administered to remove lead from the circulating blood and from some tissues and organs for excretion in the urine. Sodium bicarbonate may be used in salicylate poisoning. Syrup of ipecac is used in the hospital setting in poisonings to induce vomiting. Activated charcoal is used to decrease absorption in certain poisoning situations. Note that dimercaprol is prepared with peanut oil, and hence should be avoided by clients with known or suspected peanut allergy.

191.) A child is brought to the emergency department for treatment of an acute asthma attack. The nurse prepares to administer which of the following medications first?

1. Oral corticosteroids
2. A leukotriene modifier
3. A β2 agonist
4. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
5. A β2 agonist
   Rationale:
   In treating an acute asthma attack, a short acting β2 agonist such as albuterol (Proventil HFA) will be given to produce bronchodilation. Options 1, 2, and 4 are long-term control (preventive) medications.

192.) A nurse is collecting medication information from a client, and the client states that she is taking garlic as an herbal supplement. The nurse understands that the client is most likely treating which of the following conditions?

1. Eczema
2. Insomnia
3. Migraines
4. Hyperlipidemia
5. Hyperlipidemia
   Rationale:
   Garlic is an herbal supplement that is used to treat hyperlipidemia and hypertension. An herbal supplement that may be used to treat eczema is evening primrose. Insomnia has been treated with both valerian root and chamomile. Migraines have been treated with feverfew.

193.) Sodium hypochlorite (Dakin’s solution) is prescribed for a client with a leg wound containing purulent drainage. The nurse is assisting in developing a plan of care for the client and includes which of the following in the plan?

1. Ensure that the solution is freshly prepared before use.
2. Soak a sterile dressing with solution and pack into the wound.
3. Allow the solution to remain in the wound following irrigation.
4. Apply the solution to the wound and on normal skin tissue surrounding the wound.
5. Ensure that the solution is freshly prepared before use.
   Rationale:
   Dakin solution is a chloride solution that is used for irrigating and cleaning necrotic or purulent wounds. It can be used for packing necrotic wounds. It cannot be used to pack purulent wounds because the solution is inactivated by copious pus. It should not come into contact with healing or normal tissue, and it should be rinsed off immediately if used for irrigation. Solutions are unstable and the nurse must ensure that the solution has been prepared fresh before use.
   Eliminate options 2 and 3 first because they are comparable or alike. It makes sense to ensure that the solution is freshly prepared; therefore, select option 1

194.) A nurse provides instructions to a client regarding the use of tretinoin (Retin-A). Which statement by the client indicates the need for further instructions?

1. “Optimal results will be seen after 6 weeks.”
2. “I should apply a very thin layer to my skin.”
3. “I should wash my hands thoroughly after applying the medication.”
4. “I should cleanse my skin thoroughly before applying the medication.”
5. “I should apply a very thin layer to my skin.”
   Rationale:
   Tretinoin is applied liberally to the skin. The hands are washed thoroughly immediately after applying. Therapeutic results should be seen after 2 to 3 weeks but may not be optimal until after 6 weeks. The skin needs to be cleansed thoroughly before applying the medication.

195.) A nurse is caring for a client who is taking metoprolol (Lopressor). The nurse measures the client’s blood pressure (BP) and apical pulse (AP) immediately before administration. The client’s BP is 122/78 mm/Hg and the AP is 58 beats/min. Based on this data, which of the following is the appropriate action?

1. Withhold the medication.
2. Notify the registered nurse immediately.
3. Administer the medication as prescribed.
4. Administer half of the prescribed medication.
5. Withhold the medication.
   Rationale:
   Metoprolol (Lopressor) is classified as a beta-adrenergic blocker and is used in the treatment of hypertension, angina, and myocardial infarction. Baseline nursing assessments include measurement of BP and AP immediately before administration. If the systolic BP is below 90 mm/Hg and the AP is below 60 beats/min, the nurse should withhold the medication and document this action. Although the registered nurse should be informed of the client’s vital signs, it is not necessary to do so immediately. The medication should not be administered because the data is outside of the prescribed parameters for this medication. The nurse should not administer half of the medication, or alter any dosages at any point in time.

196.) A client has been prescribed amikacin (Amikin). Which of the following priority baseline functions should be monitored?

1. Apical pulse
2. Liver function
3. Blood pressure
4. Hearing acuity
5. Hearing acuity
   Rationale:
   Amikacin (Amikin) is an antibiotic. This medication can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity; therefore, hearing acuity tests and kidney function studies should be performed before the initiation of therapy. Apical pulse, liver function studies, and blood pressure are not specifically related to the use of this medication.

197.) Collagenase (Santyl) is prescribed for a client with a severe burn to the hand. The nurse provides instructions to the client regarding the use of the medication. Which statement by the client indicates an accurate understanding of the use of this medication?

1. “I will apply the ointment once a day and leave it open to the air.”
2. “I will apply the ointment twice a day and leave it open to the air.”
3. “I will apply the ointment once a day and cover it with a sterile dressing.”
4. “I will apply the ointment at bedtime and in the morning and cover it with a sterile dressing.”
5. “I will apply the ointment once a day and cover it with a sterile dressing.”
   Rationale:
   Collagenase is used to promote debridement of dermal lesions and severe burns. It is usually applied once daily and covered with a sterile dressing.

198.) Coal tar has been prescribed for a client with a diagnosis of psoriasis, and the nurse provides instructions to the client about the medication. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further instructions?

1. “The medication can cause phototoxicity.”
2. “The medication has an unpleasant odor.”
3. “The medication can stain the skin and hair.”
4. “The medication can cause systemic effects.”
5. “The medication can cause systemic effects.”
   Rationale:
   Coal tar is used to treat psoriasis and other chronic disorders of the skin. It suppresses DNA synthesis, mitotic activity, and cell proliferation. It has an unpleasant odor, can frequently stain the skin and hair, and can cause phototoxicity. Systemic toxicity does not occur.
   The name of the medication will assist in eliminating options 2 and 3

199.) A nurse is applying a topical glucocorticoid to a client with eczema. The nurse monitors for systemic absorption of the medication if the medication is being applied to which of the following body areas?

1. Back
2. Axilla
3. Soles of the feet
4. Palms of the hands
5. Axilla
   Rationale:
   Topical glucocorticoids can be absorbed into the systemic circulation. Absorption is higher from regions where the skin is especially permeable (scalp, axillae, face, eyelids, neck, perineum, genitalia), and lower from regions where penetrability is poor (back, palms, soles).
   Eliminate options 3 and 4 because these body areas are similar in terms of skin characteristics

200.) A client is seen in the clinic for complaints of skin itchiness that has been persistent over the past several weeks. Following data collection, it has been determined that the client has scabies. Lindane is prescribed, and the nurse is asked to provide instructions to the client regarding the use of the medication. The nurse tells the client to:

1. Apply a thick layer of cream to the entire body.
2. Apply the cream as prescribed for 2 days in a row.
3. Apply to the entire body and scalp, excluding the face.
4. Leave the cream on for 8 to 12 hours and then remove by washing.
5. Leave the cream on for 8 to 12 hours and then remove by washing.
   Rationale:
   Lindane is applied in a thin layer to the entire body below the head. No more than 30 g (1 oz) should be used. The medication is removed by washing 8 to 12 hours later. Usually, only one application is required.

201.) A nurse is preparing to administer eardrops to an infant. The nurse plans to:

1. Pull up and back on the ear and direct the solution onto the eardrum.
2. Pull down and back on the ear and direct the solution onto the eardrum.
3. Pull down and back on the ear and direct the solution toward the wall of the canal.
4. Pull up and back on the ear lobe and direct the solution toward the wall of the canal.
5. Pull down and back on the ear and direct the solution toward the wall of the canal.
   Rationale:
   When administering eardrops to an infant, the nurse pulls the ear down and straight back. In the adult or a child older than 3 years, the ear is pulled up and back to straighten the auditory canal. The medication is administered by aiming it at the wall of the canal rather than directly onto the eardrum.

202.) A nurse is collecting data from a client about medications being taken, and the client tells the nurse that he is taking herbal supplements for the treatment of varicose veins. The nurse understands that the client is most likely taking which of the following?

1. Bilberry
2. Ginseng
3. Feverfew
4. Evening primrose
5. Bilberry
   Rationale:
   Bilberry is an herbal supplement that has been used to treat varicose veins. This supplement has also been used to treat cataracts, retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, and peripheral vascular disease. Ginseng has been used to improve memory performance and decrease blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Feverfew is used to prevent migraine headaches and to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Evening primrose is used to treat eczema and skin irritation.

203.) A nurse is preparing to give the postcraniotomy client medication for incisional pain. The family asks the nurse why the client is receiving codeine sulfate and not “something stronger.” In formulating a response, the nurse incorporates the understanding that codeine:

1. Is one of the strongest opioid analgesics available
2. Cannot lead to physical or psychological dependence
3. Does not cause gastrointestinal upset or constipation as do other opioids
4. Does not alter respirations or mask neurological signs as do other opioids
5. Does not alter respirations or mask neurological signs as do other opioids
   Rationale:
   Codeine sulfate is the opioid analgesic often used for clients after craniotomy. It is frequently combined with a nonopioid analgesic such as acetaminophen for added effect. It does not alter the respiratory rate or mask neurological signs as do other opioids. Side effects of codeine include gastrointestinal upset and constipation. The medication can lead to physical and psychological dependence with chronic use. It is not the strongest opioid analgesic available.

204.) A client receives a dose of edrophonium (Enlon). The client shows improvement in muscle strength for a period of time following the injection. The nurse interprets that this finding is compatible with:

1. Multiple sclerosis
2. Myasthenia gravis
3. Muscular dystrophy
4. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
5. Myasthenia gravis
   Rationale:
   Myasthenia gravis can often be diagnosed based on clinical signs and symptoms. The diagnosis can be confirmed by injecting the client with a dose of edrophonium . This medication inhibits the breakdown of an enzyme in the neuromuscular junction, so more acetylcholine binds to receptors. If the muscle is strengthened for 3 to 5 minutes after this injection, it confirms a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Another medication, neostigmine (Prostigmin), also may be used because its effect lasts for 1 to 2 hours, providing a better analysis. For either medication, atropine sulfate should be available as the antidote.

205.) A nurse is assisting in preparing to administer acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) to a client with an overdose of acetaminophen (Tylenol). The nurse prepares to administer the medication by:

1. Administering the medication subcutaneously in the deltoid muscle
2. Administering the medication by the intramuscular route in the gluteal muscle
3. Administering the medication by the intramuscular route, mixed in 10 mL of normal saline
4. Mixing the medication in a flavored ice drink and allowing the client to drink the medication through a straw
5. Mixing the medication in a flavored ice drink and allowing the client to drink the medication through a straw
   Rationale:
   Because acetylcysteine has a pervasive odor of rotten eggs, it must be disguised in a flavored ice drink. It is consumed preferably through a straw to minimize contact with the mouth. It is not administered by the intramuscular or subcutaneous route.
   Knowing that the medication is a solution that is also used for nebulization treatments will assist you to select the option that indicates an oral route

206.) A client is receiving baclofen (Lioresal) for muscle spasms caused by a spinal cord injury. The nurse monitors the client, knowing that which of the following is a side effect of this medication?

1. Muscle pain
2. Hypertension
3. Slurred speech
4. Photosensitivity
   Rationale:
   Side effects of baclofen include drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, and nausea. Occasional side effects include headache, paresthesia of the hands and feet, constipation or diarrhea, anorexia, hypotension, confusion, and nasal congestion. Paradoxical central nervous system excitement and restlessness can occur, along with slurred speech, tremor, dry mouth, nocturia, and impotence.
   Option 3 is most closely associated with a neurological disorder

207.) A client is suspected of having myasthenia gravis, and the health care provider administers edrophonium (Enlon) to determine the diagnosis. After administration of this medication, which of the following would indicate the presence of myasthenia gravis?

1. Joint pain
2. A decrease in muscle strength
3. An increase in muscle strength
4. Feelings of faintness, dizziness, hypotension, and signs of flushing in the client
5. An increase in muscle strength
   Rationale:
   Edrophonium is a short-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as a diagnostic agent. When a client with suspected myasthenia gravis is given the medication intravenously, an increase in muscle strength would be seen in 1 to 3 minutes. If no response occurs, another dose is given over the next 2 minutes, and muscle strength is again tested. If no increase in muscle strength occurs with this higher dose, the muscle weakness is not caused by myasthenia gravis. Clients receiving injections of this medication commonly demonstrate a drop of blood pressure, feel faint and dizzy, and are flushed.

208.) A client with myasthenia gravis verbalizes complaints of feeling much weaker than normal. The health care provider plans to implement a diagnostic test to determine if the client is experiencing a myasthenic crisis and administers edrophonium (Enlon). Which of the following would indicate that the client is experiencing a myasthenic crisis?

1. Increasing weakness
2. No change in the condition
3. An increase in muscle spasms
4. A temporary improvement in the condition
   auto-define “A client with myasthen…”
   Rationale:
   Edrophonium (Enlon) is administered to determine whether the client is reacting to an overdose of a medication (cholinergic crisis) or to an increasing severity of the disease (myasthenic crisis). When the edrophonium (Enlon) injection is given and the condition improves temporarily, the client is in myasthenic crisis. This is known as a positive test. Increasing weakness would occur in cholinergic crisis. Options 2 and 3 would not occur in either crisis.

209.) A client with multiple sclerosis is receiving diazepam (Valium), a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant. Which of the following would indicate that the client is experiencing a side effect related to this medication?

1. Headache
2. Drowsiness
3. Urinary retention
4. Increased salivation
5. Drowsiness
   Rationale:
   Incoordination and drowsiness are common side effects resulting from this medication. Options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

210.) Dantrolene (Dantrium) is prescribed for a client with a spinal cord injury for discomfort resulting from spasticity. The nurse tells the client about the importance of follow-up and the need for which blood study?

1. Creatinine level
2. Sedimentation rate
3. Liver function studies
4. White blood cell count
5. Liver function studies
   Rationale:
   Dantrolene can cause liver damage, and the nurse should monitor liver function studies. Baseline liver function studies are done before therapy starts, and regular liver function studies are performed throughout therapy. Dantrolene is discontinued if no relief of spasticity is achieved in 6 weeks.

211.) A client with epilepsy is taking the prescribed dose of phenytoin (Dilantin) to control seizures. A phenytoin blood level is drawn, and the results reveal a level of 35 mcg/ml. Which of the following symptoms would be expected as a result of this laboratory result?

1. Nystagmus
2. Tachycardia
3. Slurred speech
4. No symptoms, because this is a normal therapeutic level
5. Slurred speech
   Rationale:
   The therapeutic phenytoin level is 10 to 20 mcg/mL. At a level higher than 20 mcg/mL, involuntary movements of the eyeballs (nystagmus) appear. At a level higher than 30 mcg/mL, ataxia and slurred speech occur.

212.) Mannitol (Osmitrol) is being administered to a client with increased intracranial pressure following a head injury. The nurse assisting in caring for the client knows that which of the following indicates the therapeutic action of this medication?

1. Prevents the filtration of sodium and water through the kidneys
2. Prevents the filtration of sodium and potassium through the kidneys
3. Decreases water loss by promoting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the loop of Henle
4. Induces diuresis by raising the osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate, thereby inhibiting tubular reabsorption of water and solutes
5. Induces diuresis by raising the osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate, thereby inhibiting tubular reabsorption of water and solutes
   Rationale:
   Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that induces diuresis by raising the osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate, thereby inhibiting tubular reabsorption of water and solutes. It is used to reduce intracranial pressure in the client with head trauma.

213.) A client is admitted to the hospital with complaints of back spasms. The client states, “I have been taking two or three aspirin every 4 hours for the past week and it hasn’t helped my back.” Aspirin intoxication is suspected. Which of the following complaints would indicate aspirin intoxication?

1. Tinnitus
2. Constipation
3. Photosensitivity
4. Abdominal cramps
5. Tinnitus
   Rationale:
   Mild intoxication with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is called salicylism and is commonly experienced when the daily dosage is higher than 4 g. Tinnitus (ringing in the ears) is the most frequently occurring effect noted with intoxication. Hyperventilation may occur because salicylate stimulates the respiratory center. Fever may result because salicylate interferes with the metabolic pathways involved with oxygen consumption and heat production. Options 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

214.) A health care provider initiates carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet) therapy for the client with Parkinson’s disease. A few days after the client starts the medication, the client complains of nausea and vomiting. The nurse tells the client that:

1. Taking an antiemetic is the best measure to prevent the nausea.
2. Taking the medication with food will help to prevent the nausea.
3. This is an expected side effect of the medication and will decrease over time.
4. The nausea and vomiting will decrease when the dose of levodopa is stabilized.
5. Taking the medication with food will help to prevent the nausea.
   Rationale:
   If carbidopa/levodopa is causing nausea and vomiting, the nurse would tell the client that taking the medication with food will prevent the nausea. Additionally, the client should be instructed not to take the medication with a high-protein meal because the high-protein will affect absorption. Antiemetics from the phenothiazine class should not be used because they block the therapeutic action of dopamine.
   eliminate options 3 and 4 because they are comparable or alike

215.) A client with rheumatoid arthritis is taking acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on a daily basis. Which medication dose should the nurse expect the client to be taking?

1. 1 g daily
2. 4 g daily
3. 325 mg daily
4. 1000 mg daily
5. 4 g daily
   Rationale:
   Aspirin may be used to treat the client with rheumatoid arthritis. It may also be used to reduce the risk of recurrent transient ischemic attack (TIA) or brain attack (stroke) or reduce the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in clients with unstable angina or a history of a previous MI. The normal dose for clients being treated with aspirin to decrease thrombosis and MI is 300 to 325 mg/day. Clients being treated to prevent TIAs are usually prescribed 1.3 g/day in two to four divided doses. Clients with rheumatoid arthritis are treated with 3.6 to 5.4 g/day in divided doses.
   Eliminate options 1 and 4 because they are alike

216.) A nurse is caring for a client with gout who is taking Colcrys (colchicine). The client has been instructed to restrict the diet to low-purine foods. Which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the client to avoid while taking this medication?

1. Spinach
2. Scallops
3. Potatoes
4. Ice cream
5. Scallops
   Rationale:
   Colchicine is a medication used for clients with gout to inhibit the reabsorption of uric acid by the kidney and promote excretion of uric acid in the urine. Uric acid is produced when purine is catabolized. Clients are instructed to modify their diet and limit excessive purine intake. High-purine foods to avoid or limit include organ meats, roe, sardines, scallops, anchovies, broth, mincemeat, herring, shrimp, mackerel, gravy, and yeast.

217.) A health care provider prescribes auranofin (Ridaura) for a client with rheumatoid arthritis. Which of the following would indicate to the nurse that the client is experiencing toxicity related to the medication?

1. Joint pain
2. Constipation
3. Ringing in the ears
4. Complaints of a metallic taste in the mouth
5. Complaints of a metallic taste in the mouth
   Rationale:
   Ridaura is the one gold preparation that is given orally rather than by injection. Gastrointestinal reactions including diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and loss of appetite are common early in therapy, but these usually subside in the first 3 months of therapy. Early symptoms of toxicity include a rash, purple blotches, pruritus, mouth lesions, and a metallic taste in the mouth.

218.) A film-coated form of diflunisal has been prescribed for a client for the treatment of chronic rheumatoid arthritis. The client calls the clinic nurse because of difficulty swallowing the tablets. Which initial instruction should the nurse provide to the client?

1. “Crush the tablets and mix them with food.”
2. “Notify the health care provider for a medication change.”
3. “Open the tablet and mix the contents with food.”
4. “Swallow the tablets with large amounts of water or milk.”
5. “Swallow the tablets with large amounts of water or milk.”
   Rationale:
   Diflunisal may be given with water, milk, or meals. The tablets should not be crushed or broken open. Taking the medication with a large amount of water or milk should be tried before contacting the health care provider.

219.) A health care provider instructs a client with rheumatoid arthritis to take ibuprofen (Motrin). The nurse reinforces the instructions, knowing that the normal adult dose for this client is which of the following?

1. 100 mg orally twice a day
2. 200 mg orally twice a day
3. 400 mg orally three times a day
4. 1000 mg orally four times a day
5. 400 mg orally three times a day
   Rationale:
   For acute or chronic rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, the normal oral adult dose is 400 to 800 mg three or four times daily.

220.) A adult client with muscle spasms is taking an oral maintenance dose of baclofen (Lioresal). The nurse reviews the medication record, expecting that which dose should be prescribed?

1. 15 mg four times a day
2. 25 mg four times a day
3. 30 mg four times a day
4. 40 mg four times a day
5. 15 mg four times a day
   Rationale:
   Baclofen is dispensed in 10- and 20-mg tablets for oral use. Dosages are low initially and then gradually increased. Maintenance doses range from 15 to 20 mg administered three or four times a day.

221.) A nurse is reviewing the health care provider’s prescriptions for an adult client who has been admitted to the hospital following a back injury. Carisoprodol (Soma) is prescribed for the client to relieve the muscle spasms; the health care provider has prescribed 350 mg to be administered four times a day. When preparing to give this medication, the nurse determines that this dosage is:

1. The normal adult dosage
2. A lower than normal dosage
3. A higher than normal dosage
4. A dosage requiring further clarification
5. The normal adult dosage
   Rationale:
   The normal adult dosage for carisoprodol is 350 mg orally three or four times daily.

222.) A nurse has administered a dose of diazepam (Valium) to a client. The nurse would take which important action before leaving the client’s room?

1. Giving the client a bedpan
2. Drawing the shades or blinds closed
3. Turning down the volume on the television
4. Per agency policy, putting up the side rails on the bed
5. Per agency policy, putting up the side rails on the bed
   Rationale:
   Diazepam is a sedative-hypnotic with anticonvulsant and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. The nurse should institute safety measures before leaving the client’s room to ensure that the client does not injure herself or himself. The most frequent side effects of this medication are dizziness, drowsiness, and lethargy. For this reason, the nurse puts the side rails up on the bed before leaving the room to prevent falls. Options 1, 2, and 3 may be helpful measures that provide a comfortable, restful environment, but option 4 is the one that provides for the client’s safety needs.

223.) A client with a psychotic disorder is being treated with haloperidol (Haldol). Which of the following would indicate the presence of a toxic effect of this medication?

1. Nausea
2. Hypotension
3. Blurred vision
4. Excessive salivation
5. Excessive salivation
   Rationale:
   Toxic effects include extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) noted as marked drowsiness and lethargy, excessive salivation, and a fixed stare. Akathisia, acute dystonias, and tardive dyskinesia are also signs of toxicity. Hypotension, nausea, and blurred vision are occasional side effects.

224.) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is suspected in a client who is taking chlorpromazine. Which medication would the nurse prepare in anticipation of being prescribed to treat this adverse effect related to the use of chlorpromazine?

1. Protamine sulfate
2. Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
3. Phytonadione (vitamin K)
4. Enalapril maleate (Vasotec)
5. Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
   Rationale:
   Bromocriptine is an antiparkinsonian prolactin inhibitor used in the treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin (Coumadin) overdose. Protamine sulfate is the antidote for heparin overdose. Enalapril maleate is an antihypertensive used in the treatment of hypertension.

225.) A nursing student is assigned to care for a client with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Haloperidol (Haldol) is prescribed for the client, and the nursing instructor asks the student to describe the action of the medication. Which statement by the nursing student indicates an understanding of the action of this medication?

1. It is a serotonin reuptake blocker.
2. It inhibits the breakdown of released acetylcholine.
3. It blocks the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
4. It blocks the binding of dopamine to the postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the brain.
5. It blocks the binding of dopamine to the postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the brain.
   Rationale:
   Haloperidol acts by blocking the binding of dopamine to the postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the brain. Imipramine hydrochloride (Tofranil) blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept) inhibits the breakdown of released acetylcholine. Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac) is a potent serotonin reuptake blocker.

226.) A client receiving lithium carbonate (Lithobid) complains of loose, watery stools and difficulty walking. The nurse would expect the serum lithium level to be which of the following?

1. 0.7 mEq/L
2. 1.0 mEq/L
3. 1.2 mEq/L
4. 1.7 mEq/L
5. 1.7 mEq/L
   Rationale:
   The therapeutic serum level of lithium ranges from 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L. Serum lithium levels above the therapeutic level will produce signs of toxicity.

227.) When teaching a client who is being started on imipramine hydrochloride (Tofranil), the nurse would inform the client that the desired effects of the medication may:

1. Start during the first week of administration
2. Not occur for 2 to 3 weeks of administration
3. Start during the second week of administration
4. Not occur until after a month of administration
5. Not occur for 2 to 3 weeks of administration
   Rationale:
   The therapeutic effects of administration of imipramine hydrochloride may not occur for 2 to 3 weeks after the antidepressant therapy has been initiated. Therefore options 1, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

228.) A client receiving an anxiolytic medication complains that he feels very “faint” when he tries to get out of bed in the morning. The nurse recognizes this complaint as a symptom of:

1. Cardiac dysrhythmias
2. Postural hypotension
3. Psychosomatic symptoms
4. Respiratory insufficiency
5. Postural hypotension
   Rationale:
   Anxiolytic medications can cause postural hypotension. The client needs to be taught to rise to a sitting position and get out of bed slowly because of this adverse effect related to the medication. Options 1, 3, and 4 are unrelated to the use of this medication.

229.) A client who is taking lithium carbonate (Lithobid) is scheduled for surgery. The nurse informs the client that:

1. The medication will be discontinued a week before the surgery and resumed 1 week postoperatively.
2. The medication is to be taken until the day of surgery and resumed by injection immediately postoperatively.
3. The medication will be discontinued 1 to 2 days before the surgery and resumed as soon as full oral intake is allowed.
4. The medication will be discontinued several days before surgery and resumed by injection in the immediate postoperative period.
5. The medication will be discontinued 1 to 2 days before the surgery and resumed as soon as full oral intake is allowed.
   Rationale:
   The client who is on lithium carbonate must be off the medication for 1 to 2 days before a scheduled surgical procedure and can resume the medication when full oral intake is prescribed after the surgery.
   lithium carbonate is an oral medication and is not given as an injection

230.) A client is placed on chloral hydrate (Somnote) for short-term treatment. Which nursing action indicates an understanding of the major side effect of this medication?

1. Monitoring neurological signs every 2 hours
2. Monitoring the blood pressure every 4 hours
3. Instructing the client to call for ambulation assistance
4. Lowering the bed and clearing a path to the bathroom at bedtime
5. Instructing the client to call for ambulation assistance
   Rationale:
   Chloral hydrate (a sedative-hypnotic) causes sedation and impairment of motor coordination; therefore, safety measures need to be implemented. The client is instructed to call for assistance with ambulation. Options 1 and 2 are not specifically associated with the use of this medication. Although option 4 is an appropriate nursing intervention, it is most important to instruct the client to call for assistance with ambulation.

231.) A client admitted to the hospital gives the nurse a bottle of clomipramine (Anafranil). The nurse notes that the medication has not been taken by the client in 2 months. What behaviors observed in the client would validate noncompliance with this medication?

1. Complaints of hunger
2. Complaints of insomnia
3. A pulse rate less than 60 beats per minute
4. Frequent handwashing with hot, soapy water
5. Frequent handwashing with hot, soapy water
   Rationale:
   Clomipramine is commonly used in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Handwashing is a common obsessive-compulsive behavior. Weight gain is a common side effect of this medication. Tachycardia and sedation are side effects. Insomnia may occur but is seldom a side effect.

232.) A client in the mental health unit is administered haloperidol (Haldol). The nurse would check which of the following to determine medication effectiveness?

1. The client’s vital signs
2. The client’s nutritional intake
3. The physical safety of other unit clients
4. The client’s orientation and delusional status
5. The client’s orientation and delusional status
   Rationale:
   Haloperidol is used to treat clients exhibiting psychotic features. Therefore, to determine medication effectiveness, the nurse would check the client’s orientation and delusional status. Vital signs are routine and not specific to this situation. The physical safety of other clients is not a direct assessment of this client. Monitoring nutritional intake is not related to this situation.

233.) Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) is used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis for a hospitalized client with a chronic psychotic disorder. The client asks the nurse why the medication is being discontinued before hospital discharge. The nurse responds, knowing that:

1. Allergic symptoms are short in duration.
2. This medication promotes long-term extrapyramidal symptoms.
3. Addictive properties are enhanced in the presence of psychotropic medications.
4. Poor compliance causes this medication to fail to reach its therapeutic blood level.
5. Addictive properties are enhanced in the presence of psychotropic medications.
   Rationale:
   The addictive properties of diphenhydramine hydrochloride are enhanced when used with psychotropic medications. Allergic symptoms may not be short term and will occur if allergens are present in the environment. Poor compliance may be a problem with psychotic clients but is not the subject of the question. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride may be used for extrapyramidal symptoms and mild medication-induced movement disorders.

234.) A hospitalized client is started on phenelzine sulfate (Nardil) for the treatment of depression. At lunchtime, a tray is delivered to the client. Which food item on the tray will the nurse remove?

1. Yogurt
2. Crackers
3. Tossed salad
4. Oatmeal cookies
5. Yogurt
   Rationale:
   Phenelzine sulfate is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The client should avoid taking in foods that are high in tyramine. These foods could trigger a potentially fatal hypertensive crisis. Foods to avoid include yogurt, aged cheeses, smoked or processed meats, red wines, and fruits such as avocados, raisins, or figs.

235.) A tricyclic antidepressant is administered to a client daily. The nurse plans to monitor for the common side effects of the medication and includes which of the following in the plan of care?

1. Offer hard candy or gum periodically.
2. Offer a nutritious snack between meals.
3. Monitor the blood pressure every 2 hours.
4. Review the white blood cell (WBC) count results daily.
5. Offer hard candy or gum periodically.
   Rationale:
   Dry mouth is a common side effect of tricyclic antidepressants. Frequent mouth rinsing with water, sucking on hard candy, and chewing gum will alleviate this common side effect. It is not necessary to monitor the blood pressure every 2 hours. In addition, it is not necessary to check the WBC daily. Weight gain is a common side effect and frequent snacks will aggravate this problem.

236.) A client is being treated for depression with amitriptyline hydrochloride. During the initial phases of treatment, the most important nursing intervention is:

1. Prescribing the client a tyramine-free diet
2. Checking the client for anticholinergic effects
3. Monitoring blood levels frequently because there is a narrow range between therapeutic and toxic blood levels of this medication
4. Getting baseline postural blood pressures before administering the medication and each time the medication is administered
5. Getting baseline postural blood pressures before administering the medication and each time the medication is administered
   Rationale:
   Amitriptyline hydrochloride is a tricyclic antidepressant often used to treat depression. It causes orthostatic changes and can produce hypotension and tachycardia. This can be frightening to the client and dangerous because it can result in dizziness and client falls. The client must be instructed to move slowly from a lying to a sitting to a standing position to avoid injury if these effects are experienced. The client may also experience sedation, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and other anticholinergic effects, but these are transient and will diminish with time.

237.) A client who is on lithium carbonate (Lithobid) will be discharged at the end of the week. In formulating a discharge teaching plan, the nurse will instruct the client that it is most important to:

1. Avoid soy sauce, wine, and aged cheese.
2. Have the lithium level checked every week.
3. Take medication only as prescribed because it can become addicting.
4. Check with the psychiatrist before using any over-the-counter (OTC) medications or prescription medications.
5. Check with the psychiatrist before using any over-the-counter (OTC) medications or prescription medications.
   Rationale:
   Lithium is the medication of choice to treat manic-depressive illness. Many OTC medications interact with lithium, and the client is instructed to avoid OTC medications while taking lithium. Lithium is not addicting, and, although serum lithium levels need to be monitored, it is not necessary to check these levels every week. A tyramine-free diet is associated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

238.) Ribavirin (Virazole) is prescribed for the hospitalized child with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The nurse prepares to administer this medication via which of the following routes?

1. Orally
2. Via face mask
3. Intravenously
4. Intramuscularly
5. Via face mask
   Rationale:
   Ribavirin is an antiviral respiratory medication used mainly in hospitalized children with severe RSV and in high-risk children. Administration is via hood, face mask, or oxygen tent. The medication is most effective if administered within the first 3 days of the infection.

239.) Which of the following precautions will the nurse specifically take during the administration of ribavirin (Virazole) to a child with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

1. Wearing goggles
2. Wearing a gown
3. Wearing a gown and a mask
4. Handwashing before administration
5. Wearing goggles
   Rationale:
   Some caregivers experience headaches, burning nasal passages and eyes, and crystallization of soft contact lenses as a result of administration of ribavirin. Specific to this medication is the use of goggles. A gown is not necessary. A mask may be worn. Handwashing is to be performed before and after any child contact.

240.) A client with Parkinson’s disease has been prescribed benztropine (Cogentin). The nurse monitors for which gastrointestinal (GI) side effect of this medication?

1. Diarrhea
2. Dry mouth
3. Increased appetite
4. Hyperactive bowel sounds
5. Dry mouth
   Rationale:
   Common GI side effects of benztropine therapy include constipation and dry mouth. Other GI side effects include nausea and ileus. These effects are the result of the anticholinergic properties of the medication.
   Eliminate options 1 and 4 because they are comparable or alike. Recall that the medication is an anticholinergic, which causes dry mouth

241.) A client with a history of simple partial seizures is taking clorazepate (Tranxene), and asks the nurse if there is a risk of addiction. The nurse’s response is based on the understanding that clorazepate:

1. Is not habit forming, either physically or psychologically
2. Leads to physical tolerance, but only after 10 or more years of therapy
3. Leads to physical and psychological dependence with prolonged high-dose therapy
4. Can result in psychological dependence only, because of the nature of the medication
5. Leads to physical and psychological dependence with prolonged high-dose therapy
   Rationale:
   Clorazepate is classified as an anticonvulsant, antianxiety agent, and sedative-hypnotic (benzodiazepine). One of the concerns with clorazepate therapy is that the medication can lead to physical or psychological dependence with prolonged therapy at high doses. For this reason, the amount of medication that is readily available to the client at any one time is restricted.
   Eliminate options 2 and 4 first because of the closed-ended word “only”

242.) A client who was started on anticonvulsant therapy with clonazepam (Klonopin) tells the nurse of increasing clumsiness and unsteadiness since starting the medication. The client is visibly upset by these manifestations and asks the nurse what to do. The nurse’s response is based on the understanding that these symptoms:

1. Usually occur if the client takes the medication with food
2. Are probably the result of an interaction with another medication
3. Indicate that the client is experiencing a severe untoward reaction to the medication
4. Are worse during initial therapy and decrease or disappear with long-term use
5. Are worse during initial therapy and decrease or disappear with long-term use
   Rationale:
   Drowsiness, unsteadiness, and clumsiness are expected effects of the medication during early therapy. They are dose related and usually diminish or disappear altogether with continued use of the medication. It does not indicate that a severe side effect is occurring. It is also unrelated to interaction with another medication. The client is encouraged to take this medication with food to minimize gastrointestinal upset.
   Eliminate options 2 and 3 first because they are comparable or alike and because of the word “severe” in option 3

243.) A hospitalized client is having the dosage of clonazepam (Klonopin) adjusted. The nurse should plan to:

1. Weigh the client daily.
2. Observe for ecchymosis.
3. Institute seizure precautions.
4. Monitor blood glucose levels.
5. Institute seizure precautions.
   Rationale:
   Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine used as an anticonvulsant. During initial therapy and during periods of dosage adjustment, the nurse should initiate seizure precautions for the client. Options 1, 2, and 4 are not associated with the use of this medication.

244.) A client has a prescription for valproic acid (Depakene) orally once daily. The nurse plans to:

1. Administer the medication with an antacid.
2. Administer the medication with a carbonated beverage.
3. Ensure that the medication is administered at the same time each day.
4. Ensure that the medication is administered 2 hours before breakfast only, when the client’s stomach is empty.
5. Ensure that the medication is administered at the same time each day.
   Rationale:
   Valproic acid is an anticonvulsant, antimanic, and antimigraine medication. It may be administered with or without food. It should not be taken with an antacid or carbonated beverage because these products will affect medication absorption. The medication is administered at the same time each day to maintain therapeutic serum levels.
   Use general pharmacology guidelines to assist in eliminating options 1 and 2. Eliminate option 4 because of the closed-ended word “only.”

245.) A client taking carbamazepine (Tegretol) asks the nurse what to do if he misses one dose. The nurse responds that the carbamazepine should be:

1. Withheld until the next scheduled dose
2. Withheld and the health care provider is notified immediately
3. Taken as long as it is not immediately before the next dose
4. Withheld until the next scheduled dose, which should then be doubled
5. Taken as long as it is not immediately before the next dose
   Rationale:
   Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant that should be taken around the clock, precisely as directed. If a dose is omitted, the client should take the dose as soon as it is remembered, as long as it is not immediately before the next dose. The medication should not be double dosed. If more than one dose is omitted, the client should call the health care provider.

-dipine
Ca+ channel blocker
Slows movement of calcium into smooth muscle= arterial dilation & decreased BP
Tx: angina, HTN (verapamil & diltiazem may be used for AFIB, A flutter, SVT
S/S: Constipation, reflex tachycardia, peripheral edema, toxicity
Common meds- nifedipine (procardia), verapamil, diltiazem

nifedipine (procardia), verapamil, diltiazem
Slows movement of calcium into smooth muscle= arterial dilation & decreased BP
Tx: angina, HTN (verapamil & diltiazem may be used for AFIB, A flutter, SVT
S/S: Constipation, reflex tachycardia, peripheral edema, toxicity

-afil
Erectile dysfunction
s/s: headache, heartburn, diarrhea, flushing, nosebleeds, parathesias, changes in color vision
Contradicted in clients taking nitrates, anticoags, anti HTN
Common meds- sildenafil (viagra)

sildenafil (viagra)
s/s: headache, heartburn, diarrhea, flushing, nosebleeds, parathesias, changes in color vision
Contradicted in clients taking nitrates, anticoags, anti HTN

-pril
ACE inhibitor
Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
TX: HTN, HF, MI, diabetic nephropathy
S/S: Anigoedema, Cough, Electrolyte imbalance (^k+)
NI: Monitor K+ levels, BP
Common med- catopril, lisinopril, enalapril (vastotec)

catopril, lisinopril, enalapril (vastotec)
Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
TX: HTN, HF, MI, diabetic nephropathy
S/S: Anigoedema, Cough, Electrolyte imbalance (^k+)
NI: Monitor K+ levels, BP

-pam, -lam
Benzodiazipines
TX: Sedative-hypnotics for sleep, Adjuncts to anesthesia to induce relaxation and amnesia (procedural memory loss), To reduce anxiety (anxiolytic), Panic disorders, To treat or prevent seizures, For alcohol withdrawal, Muscle relaxant

lorazepam
TX: Sedative-hypnotics for sleep, Adjuncts to anesthesia to induce relaxation and amnesia (procedural memory loss), To reduce anxiety (anxiolytic), Panic disorders, To treat or prevent seizures, For alcohol withdrawal, Muscle relaxant

-statin
Antilipidemic
aid in lowering LDL & increasing HDL
S/S: muscle aches, hepatotoxicity, myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, peripheral neruopathy
NI: take in evening, monitor renal and liver function, low fat/high fiber diet, drug interactions: digoxin, warfarin, NSAIDs, etc.
Common meds- lovastatin (mevacor)

lovastatin (mevacor)
aid in lowering LDL & increasing HDL
S/S: muscle aches, hepatotoxicity, myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, peripheral neruopathy
NI: take in evening, monitor renal and liver function, low fat/high fiber diet, drug interactions: digoxin, warfarin, NSAIDs, etc.

-asone, -solone

• onide
  Pred-
  Cort-
  Corticosteroid
  prevent inflammatory response
  S/S: Hyperglycemia, peptic ulcer, fluid retention (increased appetite), withdrawal symptoms, euphoria, insomnia, psychotic behavior
  NI: admin w/ meals, DO NOT take with NSAIDS, teach DO NOT stop abruptly
  Common meds- prednisone (deltasone), betamethasone (celestone), hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu-cortef), Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (solu-medrol), fluticasone propionate (advair, flovent)

rednisone (deltasone), betamethasone (celestone), hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu-cortef), Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (solu-medrol), fluticasone propionate (advair, flovent)
prevent inflammatory response
S/S: Hyperglycemia, peptic ulcer, fluid retention (increased appetite), withdrawal symptoms, euphoria, insomnia, psychotic behavior
NI: admin w/ meals, DO NOT take with NSAIDS, teach DO NOT stop abruptly

-olol
Beta Blocker
inhibit stimulation of receptor sites= decreased cardiac excitability, CO, myocaridal O2 demand, lower BP by decreasing release of renin in the kidney
TX: HTN, angina, tachydysryhmias, HF, MI
S/S: Bradycardia, Bradypena, Bronchospasms, decreased BP
NI: Monitor DM for hypoglycemia
Common meds- metropolol, labetalol, propanolol

metropolol, labetalol, propanolol
inhibit stimulation of receptor sites= decreased cardiac excitability, CO, myocaridal O2 demand, lower BP by decreasing release of renin in the kidney
TX: HTN, angina, tachydysryhmias, HF, MI
S/S: Bradycardia, Bradypena, Bronchospasms, decreased BP
NI: Monitor DM for hypoglycemia

-cillin
Penicillin
TX: pneumonia, upper respiratory infections, septicemia, endocarditis, rheumatic fever, GYN infections
NI: hypersensitivity w/ poss. anaphylaxis

Penicillin
TX: pneumonia, upper respiratory infections, septicemia, endocarditis, rheumatic fever, GYN infections
NI: hypersensitivity w/ poss. anaphylaxis

-ide
Oral hypoglycemic
Used in conjunction with diet & exercise; type II
NI: teach s/s of hypoglycemia, HbA1C
metformin (glucophage): withhold 48 hrs before/after test w/ contrast

(biguanide) Metformin
Oral hypoglycemic
Used in conjunction with diet & exercise; type II
NI: teach s/s of hypoglycemia, HbA1C
metformin (glucophage): withhold 48 hrs before/after test w/ contrast

-prazole
Proton pump inhibitor
S/S: D,V, N, can increase risk for fractures,, pneumonia, & acid rebound
NI: DO NOT crush, chew, break, notify PROVIDER if GI bleeding!
Common meds- omepazole (prilosec)

omepazole (prilosec)
S/S: D,V, N, can increase risk for fractures,, pneumonia, & acid rebound
NI: DO NOT crush, chew, break, notify PROVIDER if GI bleeding!

-vir
Antiviral

-ase
Thrombolytic
dissolves clots
TX: acute MI, DVT, massive PE, ischemic stroke
S/S: serious bleeding risks from recent wounds, puncture sites, weakened vessels, hypotension
NI: Must take 4-6 hrs of onset
Common meds- alteplase (activase, tPA)

-azine

• setron
  Antiemtic
  reduce N & V
  S/S: drowsiness, anticholenergic effects, restlessness, tardive dyskinesia, EPS
  NI: monitor VS
  Common meds- promethazine (phenergan), metaoclopramide (reglan), ondansertron (zofran)

alteplase (activase, tPA)
dissolves clots
TX: acute MI, DVT, massive PE, ischemic stroke
S/S: serious bleeding risks from recent wounds, puncture sites, weakened vessels, hypotension
NI: Must take 4-6 hrs of onset

-phylline,
-terol
Bronchodilator
S/S: tachcardia, palpitations, tremors
Common meds- albeuterol

promethazine (phenergan), metaoclopramide (reglan), ondansertron (zofran)
reduce N & V
S/S: drowsiness, anticholenergic effects, restlessness, tardive dyskinesia, EPS
NI: monitor VS

-arin
Anticoagulant
inhibit clotting factors (warfarin = factors VII, IX, X)
TX: evolving stroke, pulmonary embolism, massive deep vein thrombosis, cardiac cath, MI, DIC
S/S: hemorrhage, heparin induced thrombocytopenia, toxicity/overdose
Common meds- warfarin (coumadin) {admin once daily, avoid NSAIDs & aspirin}, enoxaparin (lovenox)

albuterol
Bronchodilator
S/S: tachcardia, palpitations, tremors

-tidine
Antiulcer
S/S: lethargy, depression, confusion, decreased libido
Common meds- ranitidine hydrochloride (zantac), cimetidine (tagamet), famotidine (pepcid)

warfarin (coumadin) {admin once daily, avoid NSAIDs & aspirin}, enoxaparin (lovenox)
inhibit clotting factors (warfarin = factors VII, IX, X)
TX: evolving stroke, pulmonary embolism, massive deep vein thrombosis, cardiac cath, MI, DIC
S/S: hemorrhage, heparin induced thrombocytopenia, toxicity/overdose

-zine
Antihistamine
S/S: anticholenergic effects (cant see, spit, pee, poop), drowsiness
NI: use cautiously pts w/ HTN, PUD, urinary retention, assess hypokalemia, BP, Advise to take @ night
Common meds- diphenhydramine (benadryl), loratadine (claratin), cetirizine (zyrtec), fexofenadrine (allegra)

-cycline,
-floxacin
Antibiotic

diphenhydramine (benadryl), loratadine (claratin), cetirizine (zyrtec), fexofenadrine (allegra)
S/S: anticholenergic effects (cant see, spit, pee, poop), drowsiness
NI: use cautiously pts w/ HTN, PUD, urinary retention, assess hypokalemia, BP, Advise to take @ night

-mycin
Aminoglycoside
(Antimicrobials)
TX: pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia
NI: high risk for ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, monitor creatinine & BUN
Common meds- gentamicin sulfate (garamycin) therapeutic range: 4-12mcg/dL

-tyline
Tricyclic antidepressant
S/S: anticholenergic effects, sedation, toxicity
NI: DO NOT admin with MAOIs, avoid alcohol, contradicted in clients w/ seizures
Common meds- amitripytyline (elavil)

gentamicin sulfate
TX: pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia
NI: high risk for ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, monitor creatinine & BUN

-pram, -ine
SSRIs
S/S: weight gain, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, drowsiness
NI: avoid alcohol, do not discontinue abrubptly, monitor for serotonin syndrome! (agitation, confusion, hallucinations) within first 72 hrs

amitripytyline (elavil)
TCA
S/S: anticholenergic effects, sedation, toxicity
NI: DO NOT admin with MAOIs, avoid alcohol, contradicted in clients w/ seizures

-iprazole
-apine
-idone
Second Generation Antipsychotic (SGA)

-gliptin
-glitazone
Diabetes Mellitus

Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
Fluoxetine (Provac)
Escitalopram (Lexapro)
Sertraline (Zoloft)
S/S: weight gain, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, drowsiness
NI: avoid alcohol, do not discontinue abrubptly, monitor for serotonin syndrome! (agitation, confusion, hallucinations) within first 72 hrs

-zosin
HTN/Prostate

ATI PN Pharmacology Proctored Exam 2020 A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has peptic ulcer disease and is to start a new prescription for sucralfate. Which of the following actions of sucralfate should the nurse include in the teaching? A. Decreases stomach acid secretion B. Neutralizes acids in the stomach C. Forms a protective barrier over ulcers D. Treats ulcers by eradicating H. pylori A nurse is providing teaching for a client who has multiple sclerosis and a new prescription for methylprednisolone. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? (SATA) A. Blood glucose levels will be monitored during therapy. B. Avoid contact with people who have known infections. C. Take the medication 1 hr before breakfast. D. Decrease dietary intake of foods containing potassium. E. Grapefruit juice can increase the effects of this medication. A nurse is providing discharge teaching about handling medication to a client who is to continue taking oral transmucosal fentanyl raspberry flavored lozenges on a stick. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? A. Chew on the medication stick to release the medication. B. Leave the medication stick in on location of the mouth until melted. C. Allow the medication 1 hr for analgesia effects to begin. D. Store unused medication sticks in a storage container. A nurse is reviewing the ECG of a client who is receiving IV furosemide for heart failure. The nurse should identify which of the following as an indication of hypokalemia? A. Tall, tented T-waves B. Presence of U-waves C. Widened QRS complex D. ST elevation The nurse is caring for a client who has cancer and is taking oral morphine and docusate sodium. The nurse should instruct the client that takin the docusate sodium daily can minimize which of the following adverse effects of morphine? A. Constipation B. Drowsiness C. Facial flushing D. Itching A nurse is planning care for a client who is receiving mannitol via IV continuous infusion. The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following adverse effects? A. Weight loss B. Increase intraocular pressure C. Auditory hallucinations D. Bibasilar crackles * A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has gastric ulcer and a new prescription for ranitidine. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? A. “Take the medication on an empty stomach for full effectiveness.”
B. “You may discontinue this medication when stomach discomfort subsides.” C. “Report yellowing of the skin.” D. “Store the medication in the refrigerator.” A nurse is assessing a client after administering a second dose of cefazolin IV. The nurse notes the client has anxiety, hypotension, and dyspnea. Which of the following medications should the nurse administer first? A. Diphenhydramine B. ALbuterol inhaler C. Epinephrine D. Prednisone A nurse is planning care for a client who has hypertension and is to start taking metoprolol. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? A. Weigh the client weekly B. Determine apical pulse prior to administering C. Administer the medication 30 min prior to breakfast. D. Monitor the client for jaundice A nurse is preparing to administer ciprofloxacin 15 mg/kg PO every 12 hr to a child who weighs 44 lb. How many mg should the nurse administer per dose? 300 mg A nurse in an emergency department is caring for a client whose family reports the client has taken large amounts of diazepam. Which of the following medications should the nurse anticipate administering? A. Ondansetron B. Magnesium sulfate C. Flumazenil D. Protamine sulfate A nurse is reviewing laboratory results for a client who is receiving heparin via continuous IV infusion for DVT. The nurse should discontinue the medication infusion for which of the following client findings? A. Potassium 5.0 B. aPTT 2x the control C. Hemoglobin 15 D. Platelets 96,000 A nurse is reviewing the medication administration record of a client who has hypocalcemia and a new prescription for IV calcium gluconate. The nurse should identify that which of the following medications can interact with calcium gluconate? A. Felodipine B. Guaifenesin C. Digoxin D. Regular insulin A Nurse administers a dose of metformin to a client instead of the prescribed dose of metoclopramide. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first?
A. Report the incident to the charge nurse B. Notify the provider C. Check the client’s blood glucose D. Fill out an incident report A nurse is teaching a client who is to start taking hydrocodone with acetaminophen tablets for pain. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? A. The medication should be taken 1 hr prior to eating B. It takes 48 hr for therapeutic effects to occur. C. Tablets should not be crushed or chewed. D. Decreased respirations might occur. A nurse in an emergency department is caring for a client who has heroin toxicity. The client is unresponsive with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 6/min. Which of the following medications should the nurse plan to administer? A. Methadone B. Naloxone C. Diazepam D. Bupropion A nurse is reviewing the medication list of a client who wants to begin taking oral contraceptives. The nurse should identify that which of the following client medications will interfere with the effectiveness of oral contraceptives? A. Carbamazepine B. Sumatriptan C. Atenolol D. Glipizide A nurse is assessing a client’s vital signs prior to the administration of PO digoxin. The client’s BP is 144/86 mm Hg, heart rate 55/min, and respiratory rate is 20/min. The nurse should withhold the medication and contact the provider for which of the following findings? A. Diastolic BP B. Systolic BP C. Heart Rate D. Respiratory Rate A nurse at a clinic is providing follow-up care to a client who is taking fluoxetine for depression. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an adverse effect of the medication? A. Tingling toes B. Sexual dysfunction C. Absence of dreams D. Pica A nurse is teaching a client about warfarin. The client asks if they can take aspirin while taking the warfarin. Which of the following responses should the nurse make? A. “It is safe to take an enteric coated aspirin.” B. “Aspirin will increase the risk of bleeding.” C. “Acetaminophen may be substituted for aspirin.” D “The INR lab work must be monitored more frequently if aspirin is taken.”
A nurse is assessing a client who is postoperative following an outpatient endoscopy procedure using midazolam. The nurse should monitor for which of the following findings as an indication that the client is ready for discharge? A. The client’s capnography has returned to baseline B. The client can respond to their name when called. C. The client is passing flatus. D. The client is requesting oral intake A nurse is caring for the parent of a newborn. The parent asks the nurse when their newborn should receive the first diptheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTaP). The nurse should instruct the parent that their newborn should receive the immunization at which of the following ages? A. At birth B. 2 months C. 6 months D. 15 months A nurse is caring for a client who received 0.9% sodium chloride 1 L over 4 hr instead of over 8 hr as prescribed. Which of the following information should the nurse enter as a complete documentation of the incident? A. IV fluid infused over 4 hr instead of the prescribed 8 hr. Client tolerated fluids well, provider notified B. 0.9% sodium chloride 1 L IV infused over 4 hr. Vital signs stable, provider notified. C. 1 L of 0.9% sodium chloride completed at 09:00. Client denies shortness of breath. D. IV fluid initiated at 05:00. Lungs clear to auscultation. A nurse is assessing a client who is taking propylthiouracil for the treatment of Graves’ disease. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication that the medication has been effective? A. Decrease in WBC count B. Decrease in amount of time sleeping. C. Increase in appetite D. Increase in ability to focus A nurse is preparing to administer medications to a client who tells the nurse, “I don’t want to take my fluid pill until I get home today.” Which of the following actions should the nurse take? A. Document the refusal and inform he client’s provider B. File an incident report with the risk manager C. Contact the pharmacist to pick up the medication D. Give the client the medication to take home and document it was administered A nurse is administering donepezil to a client who has Alzheimer’s disease. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider immediately? A. Dyspepsia B. Diarrhea C. Dizziness D. Dyspnea
A nurse is assessing a client who has myasthenia gravis and is taking neostigmine. Which of the following findings should indicate to the nurse that the client is experiencing an adverse effect? A. Tachycardia B. Oliguria C. Xerostomia D. Miosis A nurse is teaching a client about cyclobenzaprine. Which of the following client statements should indicate to the nurse that the teaching is effective? A. “I will have increased saliva production.” B. “I will continue taking the medication until the rash disappears.” C. “I will taper off the medication before discontinuing it.” D. “I will report any urinary incontinence.” A nurse is providing teaching to a client who is to begin taking oxybutynin for urinary incontinence which of the following symptoms should the nurse tell the client to expect. ( all that apply) Dry mouth Tinnitus Blurred vision Bradycardia Dry eyes A nurse is preparing to administer dextrose 5 in water 400ml iv to infuse over 1 hr. The drop factor of the manual IV tubing is 15 gtts/ml. The nurse should set the manual IV infusion to deliver how many gtt/min? 100 A nurse is providing teaching to a client who is taking bupropion as an aid to quit smoking. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an adverse effect of the medication? A. Cough B. Joint pain C. Alopecia D. Insomnia A nurse is assessing a client who has schizophrenia and is taking haloperidol. The nurse should report which of the following findings to the provider as a manifestation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)? A. Temp of 39.7 C (103.5 F) B. Urinary retention C. HR 56/min D. Muscle flaccidity A nurse is caring for a client who is in labor. The client is receiving oxytocin by continuous IV infusion with a maintenance IV solution. The external FHR monitor indicates late decelerations. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. Turn the client to a side-lying position. B. Disconnect the client’s oxytocin from the maintenance IV. C. Apply oxygen to the client by face mask. D. Increase the client’s maintenance IV infusion rate.
A nurse is teaching a group of unit nurses about medication reconciliation. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? A. The client’s provider is required to complete medication reconciliation. B. Medication reconciliation at discharge is limited to the medication ordered at the time of discharge. C. A transition in care requires the nurse to conduct medication reconciliation. D. Medical reconciliation is limited to the name of the medications that the client is currently taking. A nurse in an emergency department is caring for a client who has myasthenia gravis and is in a cholinergic crisis. Which of the following medications should the nurse plan to administer? A. Potassium iodide B. Glucagon C. Atropine D. Protamine A nurse on the acute care unit is caring for a client who is receiving gentamicin IV. The nurse should report which of the following findings to the provider as an adverse effect of the medication? A. Constipation B. Tinnitus C. Hypoglycemia D. Joint Pain A nurse is teaching a client who is to begin taking tamoxifen for the treatment of breast cancer. Which of the following adverse effects should the nurse include in the teaching? A. Hot flashes B. Urinary retention C. Constipation D. Bradycardia A nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing acute alcohol withdrawal. For which of the following client outcomes should the nurse administer chlordiazepoxide? A. Minimize diaphoresis B. Maintain abstinence C. Lessen craving D. Prevent delirium tremens A nurse in an urgent care clinic is collecting data from a female client who has a urinary tract infection. The nurse anticipates a prescription for ciprofloxacin. The nurse should identify that which of the following client statements indicates a contraindication for administering this medication? A. “I have tendonitis, so I haven’t been able to exercise.” B. “I take a stool softener for chronic constipation.” C. “I take medicine for my thyroid.” D. “I am allergic to sulfa.” A nurse is collecting a medication history from a client who has a new prescription for lithium. The nurse should identify that the client should discontinue which of the following over-the-
counter medications? A. Aspirin B. Ibuprofen C. Rantitinde D. Bisacodyl A nurse is preparing to administer a scheduled antibiotic at 0800 to a client and discovers the antibiotic is not present in the client’s medication drawer. The nurse should identify that administration of the medication can occur at which of the following time periods without requiring an incident report? A. 1000 B. 0900 C. 0830 D. 1200 A nurse is teaching a client about the use of risedronate for the treatment of osteoporosis. The nurse should identify which of the following statements as an indication that the client understands the teaching? A. I will drink a glass of milk when I take the risedronate B. I will take the risedronate 15 minutes after my evening meal C. I should take an antacid with the risedronate to avoid nausea D. I should sit up for 30 min after taking the risedronate * A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving heparin therapy via continuous IV infusion to treat a pulmonary embolism. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an adverse effect of the medication and report to the provider? A. Vomiting B. Blood in the urine C. Positive Chvostek’s sign D. Ringing in the ears A nurse is developing a teaching plan for a client who has a new prescription for simvastatin. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching plan (SATA)? Report muscle pain to the provider Avoid taking the medication with grapefruit juice Take the medication in the morning Expect a flushing of the skin as a reaction to the medication Expect therapy with this medication to be lifelong A nurse is caring for a 20-year-old female client who has a prescription for isotretinoin for severe nodulocystic acne vulgaris. Before the client can obtain a refill, the nurse should advice the client that which of the following tests is required? Serum calcium Pregnancy test 24 hr urine collection for protein Aspartate aminotransferase level A nurse is planning care for a client who is prescribed metoclopramide following bowel surgery. For which of the following adverse effects should the nurse monitor?
Muscle weakness Sedation Tinnitus Peripheral edema A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a prescription for ergotamine sublingual to treat migraine headaches. Which of the following information should the nurse include in her instructions? A. Take one tablet three times a day before meals. B. Take one tablet at onset of migraine. C. Take up to eight tablets as needed within a 24-hour period. D. Take one tablet every 15 minutes until migraine subsides. A nurse is preparing to administer heparin subcutaneously to a client. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? A. Administer the medication outside the 5-cm (2 in) radius of the umbilicus B. Aspirate for blood return before injecting C. Rub vigorously after the injection to promote absorption D. Place a pressure dressing on the injection site to prevent bleeding A nurse is caring for a client who is taking acetazolamide for chronic open-angle glaucoma. For which of the following adverse effects should the nurse instruct the client to monitor and report? Tingling of fingers Constipation Weight gain Oliguria A nurse is preparing to administer medication to a client who has gout. The nurse discovers that an error was made during the previous shift and the client received atenolol instead of allopurinol. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? Obtain the client’s BP Contact the client’s provider Inform the charge nurse Complete an incident report A nurse is preparing to administer PO sodium polystyrene sulfonate to a client who has hyperkalemia. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? A. Hold the client’s other oral medications for 8 hr post administration B. Inform the client that this medication can turn stool a light tan color C. Keep the client’s solution in the refrigerator for up to 72 hr. D. Monitor the client for constipation A nurse is planning to teach about the use of a spacer to a child who has a new prescription for a fluticasone inhaler to treat chronic asthma. The nurse should include that the spacer decreases the risk for which of the following adverse effects of the medication? A. Oral candidiasis B. Headache C. Joint pain D. Adrenal suppression
A nurse is reviewing the lab results of a client who is taking digoxin for heart failure. Which of the following results should the nurse report to the provider? A. Calcium level 9.2 mg/dL B. Magnesium level 1.6 mEq/L C. Digoxin level 1.1 ng/mL D. Potassium level 2.8 mEq/L * A nurse receives a verbal order from the provider to administer morphine five milligrams every 4 hours subcutaneously for severe pain as needed. The nurse should identify which of the following entries as the correct format for the medication administration record (MAR)? A. MSO4 5mg subcut every 4hr PRN severe pain B. Morphine 5 mg subcut every 4 hr. PRN severe pain C. MSO4 5mg SQ every 4 hr PRN severe pain D. Morphine 5.0 mg subcutaneously every 4 hr PRN severe pain. A nurse is providing discharge instructions to a client who has heart failure and a new prescription for captopril. Which of the following client statements indicates an understanding of the teaching? A. I should take the medication with food. B. I should take naproxen if I develop joint pain. C. I should tell my provider if I develop a sore throat. D. I should expect the medication to cause my urine to look orange. A nurse is caring for a client who has acute acetaminophen toxicity. The nurse should anticipate administering which of the following medications? A. Vitamin K B. Acetylcysteine C. Benztropine D. Physostigmine A nurse is assessing a client 1 hr after administering morphine for pain. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as the best indication that the morphine has been effective? A. The client’s vital signs are within normal limits. B. The client has not requested additional medication. C. The client is resting comfortably with eyes closed. D. The client rates the pain at a 3 on a scale from 0 to 10. A nurse is providing teaching to a client who is to start treatment for asthma with beclomethasone and albuterol inhalers. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? A. “Take beclomethasone to avoid an acute attack.” B. “Use beclomethasone 5 min before using albuterol.” C. “Limit your calcium and vitamin D intake when taking beclomethasone.” D. “Rinse your mouth after inhaling the beclomethasone.” A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving filgrastim. Which of the following findings should the nurse document to indicate the effectiveness of the therapy? Increased neutrophil count
Increased RBC count Decreased prothrombin time Decreased triglycerides A nurse is instructing a client on the application of nitroglycerin transdermal patches. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? I should apply a patch every 5 minutes if I develop chest pain I will take the patch off right after my evening meal * I will leave the patch off at least 1 day each week I should discard the used patch by flushing it down the toilet ATI PHARMACOLOGY (CHECK THE LAST PAGE FOR DETAIL SOLUTION) A nurse is providing discharge dietary teaching to a client who has a something and is taking medication theophylline and to provide general instructions the nurse should include? Avoid caffeinated beverages the nurse is mixing regular insulin and NPH into a syringe for a client who has diabetes mellitus. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? Inject air into the NPH vial a nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription of Alendronate for osteoporosis. What instructions should the nurse include? Sit upright for at least 30 mins after taking the medication a nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative following a thyroidectomy and is receiving morphine for pain. Which of the following findings should the nurse recognize as an adverse effect of morphine? Bladder distention nurse is teaching a client who has pernicious anemia to self-administer cyanocobalamin. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching?
Administer the medication into one nostril once per week a nurse is teaching a newly license nurse about medication reconciliation. The nurse should instruct the newly license nurse for medication reconciliation for which of the following clients? A client who has been transferred to a step-down unit a nurse is assessing a client how received a dinoprostone gel to stimulate the cervical ripening. Which of the following is the nurses priority? Uterine tachysystole a nurse is performing a return demonstration of an enoxaparin administration. Which of the following client actions indicates an understanding of the teaching?
Administers the medication into the abdomen a nurse is assessing a client how has been taking digoxin and …… which of the following findings to the nurse indicates this client has developed digoxin toxicity? Blurred vision a nurse is caring for a client who received neostigmine 1 hour ago and is experiencing muscarinic response. Which if the following manifestations should the nurse expect? Excessive salivation a nurse in the emergency department is reviewing a medication record for client who reports vomiting blood. The nurse should anticipate the provider will discontinue which of the following medications? Clopidogrel math problem: a nurse is preparing to administer 4000 units of heparin available is 10,000 units = 0.4 a nursing is caring for a client who reports that his current pain medication is no longer relieving her pain. Which of the following medications requires the nurse to obtain a written rather than a verbal prescription from the provider? Fentanyl charge nurse is observing a newly licensed nurse provide care to a group of clients. Which of the following action by the newly licensed nurse requires the charge nurse to complete an incidentreport?a client who has a lithium level of 1.8 receives her morning dose a nurse is caring for a client who has an alcohol use disorder and is experiencing withdrawals. Which of the following interventions is a priority at this time? Implement seizure precautions
a nurse is planning care for a group of clients. which of the following client’s medications should be monitored by the nurse for hearing loss related to a medication interaction?furosemide and amikacin a nurse is caring for a client who has major depression and a new prescription for citalopram. which of the following adverse effects is the priority for the nurse to report to the provider? A nurse is caring for a client who has sickle cell anemia and is taking hydroxyurea. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider (SATA)? Hemoglobin 7.0 g/dl Platelets 75,000/mm3 Potassium 5.2 meq/l A nurse is providing teaching for a client who has multiple sclerosis and a new prescription for methylprednisone. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include (SATA)? Blood glucose levels will be monitored during therapy Avoid contact with people who have known infections Grapefruit juice can increase the effects of the medication A nurse is caring for a client who has pneumonia. The client tells the nurse that she is pregnant and that she has not told her provider yet. The nurse should identify that pregnancy is a contraindication to receiving which of the following medications? Doxycycline A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving long-term treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus with prednisone. The nurse should inform the client to expect to undergo which of the following diagnostic tests to monitor for long-term complications of prednisone? Bone density scans
A nurse is teaching a client who is to start taking ranitidine for peptic ulcer disease. Which of the following client statements should the nurse identify as understanding of the teaching? “I know smoking makes ranitidine less effective.” A nurse is caring for the mother of a newborn. The mother asks the nurse when her newborn should receive his first diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTaP). The nurse should instruct the mother that her newborn should receive the immunization at which of the following ages? 2 months A nurse is teaching a client about cyclobenzaprine. Which of the following client statements should indicate to the nurse that the teaching is effective? “I will taper off the medication before discontinuing it.” A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who has hypertension. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as a contraindication to receiving propranolol? Asthma

Pharmacology ATI Proctored Exam A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving intravenous therapy. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as a manifestation of fluid volume excess? a) Decreased bowel sounds b) Distended neck veins c) Bilateral muscle weakness d) Thread pulse A nurse is teaching a guardian of a school-age child who has a new prescription for a fluticasone metered-dose inhaler. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? (SATA) a) “Soak the inhaler in water after use.” b) “Have your child take one inhalation as needed for shortness of breath.” c) “Shake the device prior to administration.” d) “A spacer will make it easier to use the device.” e) “Rinse your child’s mouth following administration.” A nurse is preparing to administer potassium chloride elixir 20 mEq/day PO to divide equally 12 hr. available is 6.7 mEq/5 mL. How many mL should the nurse administer per dose? (Round the answer to the nearest tenth. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trialing zero.) DOSAGE CALCULATION ✓ 7.5mL
A nurse is instructing a client who has a new prescription for a daily dose of lovastatin extended release. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? a) “You will need liver function tests before beginning therapy.” b) “Avoid consuming dairy products while taking this medication.” c) “You may crush the medication and mix it with applesauce.” d) “You should take the medication in the morning.” A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving a peripheral IV infusion and notes infiltration of fluid into the tissue surrounding the insertion site. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a) Flush the IV catheter b) Apply pressure to the IV site c) Elevate the extremity d) Slow the infusion rate A nurse is preparing to administer 4,000 units of heparin subcutaneously to a client who has deep-vein thrombosis. Available is heparin 10,000 units. How many mL of heparin should the nurse administer? (Round to the nearest tenth. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.) DOSAGE CALCULATON ✓ 0.4mL A nurse us caring for a client who is in shock and is receiving an infusion of albumin. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? a) Oxygen saturation 96% b) PaCO2 30 mm Hg c) Increase in BP d) Decrease in protein
A nurse is discussing adverse reactions to pain medications in older adult clients with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following findings should the nurse include as risk factors for an adverse drug reaction? (SATA) a) Polypharmacy b) Increased rate of absorption c) Decreased percentage of body fat d) Multiple health problems e) Decreased renal function A nurse is reviewing the laboratory data of a client prior to administering IV tobramycin. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse report to the provider? a) Sodium 137 mEq/L b) Hct 4.3% c) Hgb 15 g/Dl d) Creatinine 2.5 mg/dL A nurse is preparing to administer enoxaparin to a client. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a) Apply firm pressure to the injection site following administration b) Administer the medication into the client’s muscle c) Expel the air bubble from the syringe prior to injection d) Insert the syringe needle halfway into the client’s skin A nurse is reviewing a client’s 0800 laboratory values at 1100. The nurse notes that the client received heparin at 1000. Which of the following laboratory values warrants an incident report? a) aPTT 90 seconds b) Hgb 16 g/dL c) INR 1.6 d) WBC 6,000/mm3
A nurse is caring for a client who has breast cancer and reports pain. 1 hr after administration of prescribed morphine 10 mg IV. Which of the following medications should the nurse expect to administer? a) Naloxone IV b) Morphine tablet c) Lidocaine patch d) Fentanyl transmucosal A nurse is assessing a client who reports taking over-the-counter antacids. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a manifestation of hypercalcemia? a) Constipation b) Decreased urine output c) Positive Trousseau’s sign d) Headache A nurse is caring for a client who is to receive potassium replacement. The provider’s prescription reads. “Potassium chloride 30 mEq in 0.9% sodium chloride 100 mL IV over 30 min.” which of the following reasons should the nurse clarify this prescription with the provider. a) Potassium chloride should be diluted in dextrose 5% in water. b) The potassium infusion rate is too rapid c) Another formulation of potassium should be given IV d) The client should be treated by giving potassium by IV bolus A nurse is monitoring laboratory values for a client who has chronic heart failure and is receiving digoxin. Which of the following values should the nurse report to the provider? a) Sodium 1.38 mEq/dL b) Magnesium 1.5 mEq/L c) BUN level 10 mg/dL d) Potassium 2.9 mEq/L
A client who has active tuberculosis and is taking rifampin reports that his urine and sweat have developed a red tinge. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a) Check the client’s liver function test results b) Instruct the client to increase his fluid intake c) Document this as an expected finding d) Prepare the client for dialysis A nurse accidently administers the medication metformin instead of metoprolol to a client. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a) Monitor the client’s thyroid function levels b) Collect the client’s uric acid level c) Obtain the client’s HDL level d) Check the client’s glucose level A nurse is administering 4 mg of hydromorphone to a client by mouth every 4 hr. the medication is provided as hydromorphone 8 mg per tablets. Which of the following actions is appropriate for the nurse to take? a) Return the remaining medication to the facility’s pharmacy b) Store the remaining half of the pill in the automated medication dispensing system c) Place the remaining half of the pill in the unit dose package d) Dispose of the remaining medication while another nurse observes A nurse is caring for 4-year-old child following an orthopedic procedure. When assessing the child for pain. Which of the following pain scales should the nurse use? a) FACES b) Numeric c) CRIES d) Word graphic
A nurse is planning care for a client who requires treatment for high cholesterol. Which of the following prescriptions should the nurse expect to administer? a) Colchicine b) Cimetidine c) Colerain – Colesevelam (Welchol) d) Chlorpromazine A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure. The nurse administered furosemide 60 mg IV bolus 30 min earlier. For which of the following findings should the nurse notify the provider? a) Potassium 3.8 mEq/L b) The client reports dizziness upon standing c) The client reports difficulty hearing d) BUN 15 mg/dL A nurse is planning teaching for a client who is trying to quit smoking. Which of the following instructions about nicotine replacement options should the nurse include? a) Change the nicotine patch every other day b) Do not drink beverages while sucking on a nicotine lozenge c) Chew nicotine gum for 10 min before spitting it out d) Administer 2 sprays of nicotine nasal spray in each nostril with each dose A nurse is caring for a client who has a prescription for total parental nutrition (TPN). Which of the following routes of administration should the nurse use? a) Subcutaneous b) Intravenous c) Central venous access device d) Midline catheter

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A nurse is preparing to administer filgrastim 5mcg/kg/day subcutaneous to a client who weighs 143 lb. How many mcg should the nurse administer per day? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number. Use a leading zero if it applies. Do not use a trailing zero.) DOSAGE CALCULATION ✓ 325 mcg A nurse is preparing to initiate IV therapy for a client. Which of the following sites should the nurse use to place the peripheral IV catheter? a) Nondominant dorsal venous arch b) Dominant distal dorsal vein c) Nondominant forearm basilic vein d) Dominant antecubital vein A nurse is assessing a client who is taking an osmotic laxative which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication of fluid volume deficit? a) Nausea b) Weight gain c) Headache d) Oliguria A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who is taking amitriptyline which of the following laboratory values should the nurse report to the provider? a) Total bilirubin 1.5 mg/dL b) Potassium 4.2 mEq/L c) Hct 0.44% d) WBC count 5,000/mm3
A nurse is caring for a client who is taking lithium and reports starting a new exercise program. The nurse should assess the client for which of the following electrolyte imbalances? a) Hypocalcemia b) Hypokalemia c) Hyponatremia d) Hypomagnesemia A nurse is assessing a client after administering phenytoin IV bolus for a seizure. Which of the following should the nurse identify as an adverse effect of this medication? a) Hypoglycemia b) Bradycardia c) Red man syndrome d) Hypotension A nurse is consulting a formulary about a client’s new prescription for raloxifene. The nurse should identify that this medication is used to treat which of the following conditions? a) Osteoporosis b) Hypothyroidism c) Urinary tract infection d) Deep vein thrombosis A nurse is providing discharge dietary teaching to a client who has a something and is taking medication theophylline and to provide general instructions the nurse should include? a) Avoid caffeinated beverages b) Take the medication with meals c) Restrict milk products d) Limit sodium intake
The nurse is mixing regular insulin and NPH into a syringe for a client who has diabetes mellitus. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? a) Withdrawal NPH from the vial b) Inject air into the NPH vial c) Inject air into the regular vial d) Withdrawal regular insulin from the vial A nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription of Alendronate for osteoporosis. What instructions should the nurse include? a) Take the medication immediately after breakfast b) Take the medication with an antacid c) Sit upright for at least 30 mins after taking the medication d) Drink orange juice with the medication A nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative following a thyroidectomy and is receiving morphine for pain. Which of the following findings should the nurse recognize as an adverse effect of morphine? a) Bladder distention b) Productive cough c) Gastrointestinal bleeding d) Decrease deep tending reflexes A nurse is teaching a client who has pernicious anemia to self-administer cyanocobalamin. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? a) Use nasal decongestion 15 mins before the medication if you have a stuffy nose b) Lie down for 1 hour after administering the medication c) Administer the medication into one nostril once per week d) Plan to self-administer this medication for the next 6 months
A nurse is teaching a newly license nurse about medication reconciliation. The nurse should instruct the newly license nurse for medication reconciliation for which of the following clients? a) Client who is transported to radiology b) A client who has a consultation for c) A client who has a referral for social services d) A client who has been transferred to a step-down unit A nurse is assessing a client how received a dinoprostone gel to stimulate the cervical ripening. Which of the following is the nurse’s priority? a) Back pain b) Flushing c) Nausea d) Uterine tachysystole A nurse is performing a return demonstration of an enoxaparin administration. Which of the following client actions indicates an understanding of the teaching? a) Messages the site to enhance absorption b) Injections the medication into a muscle c) Administers the medication into the abdomen d) Aspirates the medication after injection A nurse is assessing a client how has been taking digoxin and …….. which of the following findings to the nurse indicates this client has developed digoxin toxicity? a) Ringing in the ears b) Hyperkalemia c) Blurred vision d) Hypertension
A nurse is caring for a client who received neostigmine 1 hour ago and is experiencing muscarinic response. Which if the following manifestations should the nurse expect? a) Headache b) Excessive salivation c) Fever d) Myoclonic seizure A nurse in the emergency department is reviewing a medication record for client who reports vomiting blood. The nurse should anticipate the provider will discontinue which of the following medications? a) NPH insulin b) Clopidogrel c) Furosemide d) Pantoprazole A nurse is assessing a who is receiving clindamycin. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an adverse effect of this medication? a) Agitation b) Report of blurred vision c) Hypertension d) Watery diarrhea A nurse is teaching a client who is to start taking Cromolyn. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? a) Cromolyn should take effect within 5 mins b) Cromolyn should dilate the bronchioles c) Cromolyn can be used after exercise d) Cromolyn is a long-term management medication
A nurse is reviewing the medications of a client is experiencing orthostatic hypotension. The nurse should identify this finding as an adverse effect of which of the following medications? a) Imipramine b) Levothyroxine c) Montelukast d) Omeprazole A nurse is caring for a client who has hyponatremia and is receiving an infusion of a prescribed hypertonic solution. Which of the following findings should indicate to the nurse that the treatment is effective? a) Absent Chvostek’s sign b) Improved cognition c) Decreased vomiting d) Cardiac arrhythmias absent A nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription for a nitroglycerin transdermal patch. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? a) “Discontinue the patch if you experience a headache.” b) “Apply a new patch if you have chest pain.” c) “Cover the patch with dry gauze when taking a shower.” d) “Remove the patch prior to going to bed.” A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who has a prescription for sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) every 6 hr. which of the following should the nurse report to the provider? a) Creatinine 0.72 mg/dL b) Sodium 138 mEq/L c) Magnesium 2 mEq/L d) Potassium 5.2 mEq/L
A nurse is caring for a client who has tuberculosis and is taking isoniazid and rifampin. Which of the following outcomes indicates that the client is adhering to the medication regimen? a) The client has a negative sputum culture b) The client tests negative for HIV c) The client has a positive purified protein derivative test d) The client’s liver function test results are within the expected reference range A client is caring for a client who develops an anaphylactic reaction to IV administration. After assessing the client’s respiratory status and stopping the medication infusion. Which of the following actions should the nurse take next? a) Replace the infusion with 0.9% sodium chloride b) Give diphenhydramine IM c) Elevate the client’s legs and feet d) Administer epinephrine IM A nurse is caring for a client who is taking sertraline and reports a desire to begin taking supplements. Which of the following supplements should the nurse advise the client to avoid? a) St. John’s Wort b) Ginger root c) Black cohosh d) Coenzyme Q10 A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a new prescription for lisinopril. For which of the following adverse effects should the nurse monitor when administering lisinopril? a) Bradycardia b) Hypokalemia c) Tinnitus d) Hypotension
A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving heparin IV continuous IV. The client has an PPT of 90 seconds. They should monitor the client for which of the following changes in their vital signs? a) Decreased temperature b) Increased pulse rate c) Decreased respiratory rate d) Increased blood pressure A nurse is preparing to administer medication to a client and discovers a medication error. The nurse should recognize that which of the following staff members is responsible for completing an incident report? a) The quality improvement committee b) The nurse who identifies the error c) The nurse who caused the error d) The charge nurse A nurse is planning care for a client who is receiving morphine via continuous epidural infusion. The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following? a) Pruritus – Sign of allergic reaction to morphine b) Cough c) Tachypnea d) Gastric bleeding A nurse is preparing to administer digoxin orally to a client. Identify the sequence of steps the nurse should take. (Move the steps into the box on the right, placing them in the order of performance. Use all the steps.) a) Obtain the client’s apical heart rate b) Open the medication package c) Document administration of the medication d) Remove the medication from the dispensing system e) Compare the client’s wristband to the medication administration record ✓ a, b, c, d, e (in that order)
A nurse is reviewing the medical record of an adult client who has a fever and a prescription for acetaminophen. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a contraindication for receiving this medication? a) Alcohol use disorder b) Chronic kidney disease c) Hepatitis B vaccine within the last week d) Diabetes mellitus A home health nurse is visiting a client who has heart failure and a prescription for furosemide. The nurse identifies that the client has gained 2.5 kg (5 lb.) since the last visit 2 days ago. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? a) Encourage the client to dangle the legs while sitting in a chair b) Teach the client about foods low in sodium c) Determine medication adherence by the client d) Notify the provider of the client’s weight gain A nurse is preparing to administer the initial dose of penicillin G IM to a client. The nurse should monitor for which of the following as an indication of an allergic reaction following the injection? a) Urticaria b) Bradycardia c) Pallor d) Dyspepsia A nurse is teaching a client who has angina a new prescription for sublingual nitroglycerin tablets. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? a) “Discard any tablets you do not use every 6 months.” b) “Take one tablet each morning 30 minutes prior to eating.” c) “Keep the tablets at room temperature in their original glass bottle.” d) “Place the tablet between your cheek and gum to dissolve.”
A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for theophylline, a sustained-released capsule. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? a) “I can take my medication in the morning with my coffee.” b) “I may sprinkle the medication in applesauce.” c) “I should limit my fluid intake while on this medication.” d) “I will need to have blood levels drawn.” A nurse is mixing regular insulin and NPH insulin in the same syringe prior to administering it to client who has diabetes mellitus following actions should the nurse take first? a) Withdraw the regular insulin from the viral b) Withdraw the NPH insulin form the vial c) Inject air into the NPH vial d) Inject air into the regular insulin vial A nurse is preparing to administer subcutaneous heparin to a client. Which of the following should the nurse take? a) Massage the site after administering the medication b) Use a 21-gauge needle for the injection c) Aspirate before injecting the medication d) Insert the needle at least 5 cm (2 in) from the umbilicus A nurse is caring for a client who has a prescription for amoxicillin. Which of the following findings indicates the client is experiencing an allergic reaction? a) Nausea b) Cardiac dysrhythmia c) Laryngeal edema d) Insomnia
A nurse is teaching a newly licensed nurse about medication reconciliation. The nurse should instruct the newly licensed nurse to perform medication reconciliation for which of the following? a) A client who has a referral for social services b) A client who is transdermal to radiology c) A client who is transferal to a step-down unit d) A client who has a consultation for physical therapy A nurse is reviewing the laboratory values of a client who is taking atorvastatin. Which of the following laboratory values indicates the treatment has been effective? a) BUN 15 mg/Dl b) Blood glucose 90 mg/dL c) Urine specific gravity 1.020 d) LDL 120 mg/dL A nurse is receiving a medication prescription by telephone from a provider. The provider states, “Administer 6 milligrams of morphine IV push every 3 hours as needed for acute pain.” How should the nurse transcribe the prescription in the client’s medical record? a) Morphine 6 mg IV push every 3 hrs. PRN acute pain b) MSO 6 mg IV push every 3 hrs. PRN acute pain c) MS 6 mg IV push every 3 hrs. PRN acute pain d) Morphine 6.0 mg IV push every 3 hrs. PRN acute pain A nurse is assessing a client’s IV infusion site and notes that the site is cool and edematous. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a) Show the IV solution rate b) Initiate a new IV distal to the initial site c) Maintain the extremity below the level of the heart d) Apply a warm, moist compress
A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for clozapine. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching? a) “Diarrhea is a common adverse effect of this medication. b) “Ringing in the ears is an expected adverse effect of this medication. c) “Notify your provider if you develop a fever while taking this medication.” d) “You might experience weight loss while taking this medication.” A nurse is teaching a client about oral contraceptive. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? a) Abdominal pain is an expected adverse effect of oral contraceptives b) It can take up to 1 year to become pregnant after stopping an oral contraceptive c) Some herbal supplements can decrease the effectiveness of an oral contraceptive d) A pelvic examination is needed prior to starting an oral contraceptive A nurse is planning to administer medication to an older adult client who has dysphagia. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? a) Tilt the client’s head back when administering the medications b) Mix the medications with a semisolid food for the client c) Administer more than one pill to the client at a time d) Place the medications on the back of the client’s tongue A nurse is providing teaching to a client about the administration of omeprazole. Which of the following should the nurse include? a) “You cannot take this medication with an antacid.” b) “You should reduce your intake of calcium while taking this medication.” c) “You should take this medication before meals.” d) “You can take a second dose if symptoms persist up to 2 hours after the first dose.”
A nurse is assessing for allergies with a client who is scheduled to receive the influenza vaccine. Which of the following allergies should the nurse report to the provider as a possible contraindication to receiving the vaccine? a) Eggs b) Shellfish c) Peanuts d) Milk A nurse is caring for a client who has a new diagnosis of benign prostate hypertrophy and a prescription for doxazosin. The client tells the nurse. “I do not take this medication. I would prefer a natural therapy.” Which of the following supplements should the nurse suggest the client discuss with the provider? a) Black cohosh b) Garlic c) Feverfew d) Saw palmetto A nurse is caring for a client who is taking digoxin to treat heart failure. Which of the following predisposes this client to developing digoxin toxicity? a) Taking a high ceiling diuretic b) Having a 10-year history of COPD c) Having a prolapsed mitral valve d) Taking an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor A nurse is administering naloxone to a client who has developed an adverse reaction to morphine. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as a therapeutic effect of naloxone? a) Decreased nausea b) Increased pain relief c) Decreased blood pressure d) Increased respiratory rate
A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who has sinusitis and a new prescription for cefuroxime. Which of the following client information is the priority for the nurse to report to the provider? a) The client has a BUN of 18 mg/Dl b) The client takes an aspirin daily c) The client has a history of a severe penicillin allergy d) The client reports a history of nausea with cefuroxime A nurse is assessing a client who has hypermagnesemia. Which of the following medications should the nurse prepare to administer? a) Protamine sulfate b) Acetylcysteine c) Calcium gluconate d) Flumazenil A nurse is assessing a client following the administration of ondansetron (Zofran). Which of the following findings should indicate to the nurse that the ondansetron has been effective? a) Client reports a decrease in pain b) Client reports a decrease in nausea c) Client reports a decrease in coughing d) Client reports a decrease in diarrhea A nurse manager is planning an in-service about pain management with opioids for client who has cancer. Which of the following information should the nurse manager include? a) IM administration is recommended if PO opioids are ineffective b) Respiratory depression decreases as opioid tolerance develops c) Meperidine is the opioid of choice for treating chronic pain d) Withhold PRN pain medication for the client who is receiving opioids every 6 hrs.
A nurse is reviewing the list of current medication for a client who is to start prescription for carbamazepine. The nurse should identify that which of the following medications interacts with carbamazepine? a) Nicotine transdermal system b) Diphenhydramine c) Estrogen-progestin combination (non-hormonal forms of contraception) d) Beclomethasone A nurse is caring for a client who has a respiratory infection and is receiving an antibiotic. Which of the following medications puts the client at risk for developing hearing loss? a) Rifampin b) Ciprofloxacin c) Penicillin G d) Gentamicin A nurse is reviewing a client’s medical history before administering a new prescription of atropine. Which of the following client conditions is contraindicated? ✓ Glaucoma A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for carbamazepine for the treatment of seizures. The nurse should instruct the client to monitor for which of the following adverse effects? a) Insomnia b) Blurred vision c) Tachypnea d) Metallic taste A nurse is preparing to administer 4000 units of heparin available is 10,000 units = ??? ✓ 0.4
A nursing is caring for a client who reports that his current pain medication is no longer relieving her pain. Which of the following medications requires the nurse to obtain a written rather than a verbal prescription from the provider? ✓ Fentanyl A charge nurse is observing a newly licensed nurse provide care to a group of clients. Which of the following action by the newly licensed nurse requires the charge nurse to complete an incident report? ✓ A client who has a lithium level of 1.8 receives her morning dose A nurse is caring for a client who has a alcohol use disorder and is experiencing withdrawals. Which of the following interventions is a priority at this time? a) Encourage participation in a 12-step program b) Implement seizure precautions A nurse is planning care for a group of clients. which of the following client’s medications should be monitored by the nurse for hearing loss related to a medication interaction? ✓ Furosemide and amikacin A nurse is caring for a client who has major depression and a new prescription for citalopram. which of the following adverse effects is the priority for the nurse to report to the provider? a) Insomnia b) Bruxism c) Confusion d) Weight loss
A nurse is caring for a client who requires a re-insertion of a short peripheral venous catheter. in which of the following locations should the nurse place the catheter? ✓ A vein on the client’s wrist A nurse is assessing a client who is in labor and is receiving epidural anesthesia. which of the following findings should the nurse identify as the priority? ✓ Hypotension A nursing is providing teaching to a client who has a prescription for omeprazole. which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? ✓ Long term use increase risk of fractures A nurse is reviewing a client’s laboratory results before administering furosemide 40 mg IV bolus. For which of the following values should the nurse withhold the medication and contact the provider? ✓ Potassium 2.5 mEq/L The nurse is assessing a client who takes glipizide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following findings indicates effectiveness of the medication? ✓ Hgba1c 6.5% A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a client who reports a severe headache. the client’s blood pressure is 280/160 mm hg. the nurse should plan to administer which of the following medications? ✓ Nitroprusside
A nurse is teaching the parent of a toddler who is to begin taking ferrous fumarate. which of the following statements by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? ✓ I will rinse my child’s mouth with water after she takes the medicine A nurse is caring for a client who is to start therapy with lovastatin. the nurse should prepare the client for which of the following diagnostic assessments? ✓ Liver function test A nurse is developing a teaching plan for an older adult client who has a new prescription for insulin glargine. which of the following expected outcomes should the nurse include in the plan? ✓ The client will wear his reading glasses when drawing insulin glargine A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving a continuous IV infusion of magnesium sulfate for preterm labor. the nurse should discontinue the infusion and prepare to administer claim gluconate if the client demonstrates which of the following findings? (Select all that apply) ✓ Absence of deep-tendon reflexes ✓ Urine output 80 mL/hr. ✓ Decreased LOC A nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription for nitroglycerin patches. the nurse should identify which of the following statements as an indication that the client understands the teaching? ✓ I will rotate application sites to avoid skin irritation
Nurse in a provider’s office is preparing to teach a middle adult client who has a new diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and an HbA1c of 6.5%. Which of the following medications should the nurse plan to teach the client about first? ✓ Metformin A nurse is teaching a client who has active pulmonary tuberculosis about management of medication for the disease. which of the following statements is appropriate for the nurse to make? ✓ You will need to take two or more medication to treat your disease A nurse is planning care for a client who has a prescription for erythromycin lactobionate IV bolus. which of the following actions should the nurse include in the plan of care? ✓ Monitor for hearing loss A nurse is obtaining a medication history from a client who has gout and is prescribed probenecid. the nurse should notify the provider that the client is taking which of the following over-the counter medications? ✓ Salicylic acid A nurse is teaching a client who has HIV and a new prescription for efavirenz. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? ✓ Notify provider for the appearance of a skin rash A nurse is evaluating a client who has tuberculosis and has been taking rifampin for 1 month. which of the following laboratory tests should the nurse review to evaluate for an adverse effect of this medication? ✓ ALT
A nurse is teaching a client who has multiple allergies about using an epinephrine auto- injector. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? ✓ Administer the medication thorough clothing if necessary For ferrous gluconate. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? ✓ I should stay upright for 15 minutes after taking this medication A nurse is preparing to administer methylprednisolone sodium succinate 80 mg IV bolus. the nurse reconstitutes the 125 mg in the vial in powder form to 2 mL. How many mL should the nurse administer? DOSAGE CALCULATION ✓ 1.3 A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure. the nurse administered furosemide 60 mg IV bolus 30 min earlier. for which of the following findings should the nurse notify the provider? ✓ Client reports difficulty hearing A nurse is caring for a client who has diabetes mellitus and is taking pioglitazone. The nurse should plan to monitor the client for which of the following adverse effects? ✓ Orthostatic hypotension A nurse is wanting to report a n infusion reaction for a client who is receiving a dose via IV of amphotericin B. which is the following findings that indicate to the nurse that the patient is experiencing an acute infusion reaction? ✓ Fever
A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for paroxetine. the nurse should instruct the client to monitor for which of the following adverse effects? ✓ Drowsiness A client who has Graves’ disease is prescribed methimazole. Which of the following effects should the nurse expect to see after the client has taken, he medication for 2 months? ✓ Increased sleeping A nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription for ergotamine to treat vascular headaches. The nurse should inform the client that which of the following is a potential adverse effect of this medication? ✓ Muscle pain A nurse is reviewing a client’s 0800 laboratory values at 1100. the nurse notes that the client received heparin at 1000. which of the following laboratory values warrants an incident report? ✓ aPTT 90 A nurse is administering medications to a client. which of the following medications should the nurse plan to administer by a parental route? ✓ Fondaparinux A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for warfarin about potential interactions with over-the-counter products. which of the following products should the nurse instruct the client to avoid? ✓ Naproxen
A nurse is assessing a client who takes levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. the nurse should identify that which of the following findings indicates the need for an increase in dosage? Select all that apply ✓ Heart rate 46 ✓ Cold intolerance ✓ Impaired short-term memory A nurse is teaching a client who is to begin cyclophosphamide therapy to treat cancer. Which of the following adverse effects of this medication should the nurse include in the teaching? ✓ Leukopenia A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who is receiving vancomycin daily. the nurse should review which of the following laboratory results prior to administering the next dose? ✓ Creatinine level A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for phenelzine. which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the client to avoid? ✓ Cheddar cheese A nurse is preparing to administer nitroglycerin topical ointment to a client. which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? ✓ Measure dosage on medication applicator paper A nurse is caring for a client who is taking azathioprine to treat rheumatoid arthritis. which of the following laboratory values indicates an adverse effect of this medication? ✓ WBC 3,000
A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for phenelzine. the nurse instruct the client to avoid which of the following foods? ✓ Smoked salmon A nurse is reviewing the laboratory data of a client who is receiving filgrastim. which of the following laboratory values should the nurse monitor to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment? ✓ WBC count A nurse is planning to administer medications to a client who weighs 198 lb. the prescription reads, “filgrastim 5mcg/kg, subcutaneous, daily”. available is filgrastim 300 mcg/mL. how many ml should the nurse plan to give with each dose? DOSAGE CALCULATION ✓ 1.5 A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for nitroglycerin. which of the following client statements indicates an understanding of the teaching? ✓ I will call 911 if plain is not relieved after taking the medication A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client who is receiving warfarin. Which of the following statements is appropriate to make? ✓ Avoid eating large amounts of cabbage and broccoli A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who has sinusitis and a new prescription for cefuroxime. which of the following client information is the priority for the nurse to report to the provider? ✓ Client with a history of severe Penicillin allergy
A nurse recently administered filgrastim intravenously to a client who has cancer and is receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. for which of the following data, discovered after the medication was administered, should the nurse file an incident report.? ✓ Vile sat out for 2 hours at room temperature before administration A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving heparin therapy for deep-vein thrombosis. Which of the following findings should indicate to the nurse that the therapy is effective? ✓ Platelets within the expected range A nurse receives a prescription to give tobramycin to a client daily. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse report to the provider? ✓ Serum creatinine 2.5 A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for nitroglycerin sublingual. which of the following client responses indicates an understanding of the teaching? ✓ Keep tablets in dark container at room temperature A nurse is reviewing a client’s medical record before administering acetaminophen 650 mg PO every 6 hr. Which of the following findings indicates a need for the nurse to notify the provider? ✓ History of alcohol use disorder A nurse is preparing to administer the initial dose of penicillin G IM to a client. The nurse should monitor for which of the following as an indication of an allergic reaction following the injection? ✓ Urticaria
A nurse is assessing a client who has been taking lithium for one year. Which of the following client reports is the nurse’s priority? ✓ Mild thirst