First users were the engineers who built and programmed computers, then employees who had received specialized training were users, and now today, anyone and everyone can be a user.
Evolution of Users
Sends files over the network at the request of clients. Responds over LAN, within one location/site. Support both application software and data files.
FILE SERVER
Turns a user-friendly domain name, like Google.com, into an Internet Protocol (IP) address like ((( 70.42.251.42 ))) that computers use to identify each other on the network.
Domain Name Server (DNS)
Uses TWO KEYS a public and private key for performing encryption and decryption
Public Key Encryption
PROVING you are who you say you are which can be done by: what you know, what you have!
Authentication
TIER WHERE THE USER interface for the system is developed; SHIELDS THE USER from the underlying logic of the systems as well as the underlying data structures
Presentation Tier
SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT Steps 1. System Conversion 2. Final Documentation 3. End User Training
System Deployment
CONNECTS MULTIPLES networks together; can be used to directly connect computers to a network; will relay messages to computers with APPROPRIATE IP ADDRESS
ROUTER
Requires that data is KEPT secure so that they are not accidentally provided or obtained by unauthorized users
Confidentiality
Protecting EVERY LAYER that SURROUNDS ((( DATA )))
Defense in Depth
Can take on DIFFERENT FORMS depending on the complexity of the application; in certain instances, it is AN ACTUAL OBJECT that is an ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION of the application
THE MODEL
Creates a subset of the data by reducing the data from multiple dimensions to one dimension
Slicing Data
The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible.
Information Technology
In charge of all aspects of the COMPUTER NETWORKS
Network Administrator
Focuses on the design, development, and support of DATABASE MANAGEMENT systems (DBMSs).
Database Administrator
Installs, configures, maintains, secures, and troubleshoots web severs
Web Administrator
Processed data.
Information
INFORMATION THAT HAS BEEN PUT TO USE information placed into a context. Refined information such that the user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed.
Knowledge in DIKW
Provides a social setting to knowledge; AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ((( WHY ))) Can only come by having BOTH KNOWLEDGE and EXPERIENCE
WISDOM
The INPUT Processing, OUTPUT, STORAGE Cycle
I.P.O.S.
Raw data is organized or structured for usefulness.
PROCESSED DATA
Information is output so user can see results.
OUTPUT DATA
Processed information is stored for permanent record.
STORAGE
A collection of components that work together to meet the needs of the user; typically : CATEGORIZED AS EITHER HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, NETWORKS AND USERS
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Physical components of a computer system which include the system unit and its components and peripheral devices; TANGIBLE ASPECTS OF THE COMPUTER
HARDWARE
A collection of computers and resources CONNECTED by various media so that they can COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER.
NETWORK
Systems Software and Applications Software
SOFTWARE CATEGORIES
RULES provided by WHICH NETWORKS communicate with each other
IP PROTOCOL
STORES the programs BEING EXECUTED and the data they are using.
COMPUTER MEMORY
Controls THE SPEED at which instructions are processed.
SYSTEM CLOCK
Stands for Random Access Memory. It temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer. IT IS VOLATILE (means data or information stored disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power).
RAM
Transistor components, magnetic core memory, smaller size, easier to program, disk drives and drums, called mainframe computers
2nd Generation of Computers
Silicon chips (known as ICs – integrated circuits), reduced cost, called mini computers, networks introduced via dumb terminals
3rd Generation of Computers
Written for a specific machine by the engineers who built and ran the computers; no need for OS since only one program could run at a time
Low-level Language
Easier than machine but still required detailed, precise LOW LEVEL instructions
Assembly Language
Function is to TRANSLATE ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER; take source code and convert it to another form; source code by itself cannot be read by a computer
Language Translator Programs
Programmer is limited to high level control constructs such as while loops, for loops, and if/else statements and not allowed to use primitive GOTO statements
Structured Programming
A type of programming language for which most of its implementations EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS DIRECTLY AND FREELY, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions.
Interpreted Language (Code)
Small programs that place Linux commands or DOS batch files into a file
Shell Scripting
The computer that the user is using; physically present with
Local Computer
Connects computers to each other with NO REAL UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS BEING TRANSFERRED Used for private networks with local computers.
Network Hub
Like a hub, but this will only send data that is INTENDED FOR SPECIFIC COMPUTER
Network Switch
Can be connected to hub, switch, or router; many routers now also act as a wireless access point; sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable
Wireless Access Point
Contains one or more servers; client is a computer that will request information from another computer; server is a computer that takes requests and responds with the requested information; the software used facilitates communication with remote servers
Client-server Network
Stores data files (web pages) and programs (scripts). Responds from anywhere on the Internet.
Web Server
Monitors print jobs
Print Server
Like web server or file server in that REQUEST ARE FILES and RESPONDED ARE THE FILES data delivered between client and server.
FTP Server
Devices connected along a SINGLE CABLE Size of network is restricted
Bus Network
Each device is connected to a CENTRAL DEVICE such as a hub or switch.
Star Network
Each device is connected DIRECTLY TO ITS NEIGHBOR and messages are forwarded from device to device until the proper destination is reached.
Ring Network
Every device is connected directly to every other device in the network.
Mesh Network
Identifies the server on which the web page can be found
Domain Name
Always ends with a period and a THREE or TWO LETTER EXTENSION which signifies the TYPE of organization or country associated with the page
TLD (Top Level Domain) Name Exam: www.yourname.com .edu .net . gov .org
Indicates the name of the file you are accessing, or the location of the document on the server
Resource/ Filename ID
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
CIA
1st – Must include a component that ensures the accuracy of the collected data 2nd – Must be entered into the system accurately 3rd – Data modification must be tracked
Data Integrity Efforts
- Identify the organization’s information assets 2. Identify vulnerabilities of each asset 3. Determine threats 4. Prioritizing risks 5. Develop and enact policies that will reduce threats
Risk Management & Strategic Risk Analysis
An attacker issues a SQL command to a web server as part of the URL or as input to a form on a company’s website; web server might pass the command onto the database which then allows potentially anything to be done to the database
SQL Injection
Placing malicious code into the buffer so that it can be executed once stored in memory; oldest and most well known software exploit; software engineers can protect against this when writing code
Buffer Overflow
Informs companies of potential problems with software HACK ATTACKS so companies can fix the problems.
White Hat Hacker
Individuals with MALICIOUS INTENT WHO VIOLATE SECURITY in order to commit crimes or acts of terrorism
Black Hat Hacker
Engage in BOTH WHITE and BLACK hat types of hacking activities
Grey Hat Hacker
Type of virus that completely replaces an existing application and takes the name of the taken over file
Trojan Horse
Attempts to identify if a file contains a virus or some form of malware
Anti-virus Software
Ensures proper storage of data by providing a means so that data is available even when storage devices are damaged or offline
Data Redundancy
Uses the same key for performing the encryption and decryption
Symmetric Key Encryption
Ensures that the user gains access only to the resources that the user should be able to access
Role-based Access Control
- Cost savings benefits 2. Increased efficiency and productivity 3. Increased facilitation of communication
Computer Network Advantages
Consists of programs that END USERS RUN to accomplish tasks
Application Software
Consists of programs that MAKE UP THE OS software that directly supports the computer system itself
System Software
Works with hardware to provide a NETWORK SERVICE
Server Software
A LAN that uses the Internet Protocol
Intranet
Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted.
Kernel
An interface for the user, often personalized for that given user, that provides access to the kernel.
Shell
Administration and Support
IT Professional Roles
Maintains all aspects of the system including hardware, software, and programming.
System Administrator
Installs, configures, and administers firewall security to protect systems and proactively work to stop intrusions.
Security Administrator
Help desk and training.
Support IT Professionals
Defines the transition of data to information from knowledge to wisdom. (Data Information Knowledge Wisdom)
DIKW Hierarchy
The input directly received by the user (or computer). It is generally not usable until it has been converted into a relevant form.
Data in DIKW
Having been inferred from data; one or more processes have been applied to the data to transform it into a more useful form.
Information in DIKW
A collection of data and information used to support the management of an organization. Also refers to the technical components and human resources that enable the assembly, storage, and processing of data and the delivery of information. This has existed for a lot longer than computers.
Information Systems
RELEVANCE – the data being used must apply directly to the decision being made TIMELY – data must be efficient and must be provided in a timely manner THOROUGH – the data must be complete ACCURATE – data should be captured only once, where possible and should be captured as close to the point of activity as possible. RELIABLE – data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collections points and over time
Characteristics of Quality Data
Raw data is entered BY THE USER
Input
COMPUTER PROGRAMS that tell the computer what to do–how to execute commands and process information
Software
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Most commonly used protocol; is required of all computers that communicate over the Internet.
TCP/IP
A collection of protocols. TCP/IP is an example.
Protocol Stack
CPU, Memory and Storage, Peripheral Devices
Components of a Computer
Executes programs’ instructions and commands various components in the computer. Referred to as the “chip”.
CPU
All peripheral devices where long term storage devices are used.
i/o Subsystem
Permits information to move between each component; electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components
System Bus
Critical component of all computer based systems; consists of most of the hardware the computer needs in order to run; comes in a variety of shapes and sizes.
System Unit
Case, Internal Bays, Buses, Ports, Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, CPU Cooler, Memory Module (RAM), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Expansion Slots/Cards
Internal Components of the System Unit
Control Unit (CU) – retrieves the instructions and the raw data that is input and coordinates or controls the sending of those instructions and data to the ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – does the actual processing of the data; completing mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data and converting the input of the keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen
Parts of the CPU
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – typically called main memory Static RAM (SRAM) – cache memory and registers
Types of RAM
BIOS stands for: Basic Input Output System; ROM stands for Read Only Memory. Typically stored in ROM chip on the motherboard. Is software NOT hardware, (“basic” operating system that runs when the computer is first turned on). Runs tests of memory and the CPU and initializes hardware components so that the actual Operating System can be loaded from the hard disk. Can’t choose the amount or contents.
BIOS ROM
Vacuum tubes, relay switches, the need to program in machine language
1st Generation of Computers
Single chip processor, called microcomputer, first personal computer, rudimentary computer graphics, home use
4th Generation of Computers 1971 – 1980.
Doubling of transistor count roughly every 18 – 24 months (exponential increase)
Moore’s Law
Punch cards, magnetic tape, hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, flash memory, cloud storage
Evolution of Storage
Improve language translator; requires that the components of the software all be defined before compilation can begin; code is more efficient
Compiler
Characterized by the creation of windowed operating systems, easier real-world object modeling in programming code, and the application of inheritance in program code.
Object Oriented Programming
A computer being accessed over the network
Remote Computer
Requires that a full pathway, or circuit, be established before transmission can begin and maintained during the entire transmission; like calling someone on the phone
Circuit Switched Network
A message’s pathway is only established as it is sent; the choice of pathway is based on availability and amount of message traffic
Packet Switched Network
Creates and maintains client network connections to remote servers
Workstations
A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing multiple computers; allows a user to run software for different OS platform in their computer that would not otherwise be able to run that software; this allows multiple users on a network to access the software to support collaboration.
Virtual Machine (VM)
Responds to queries by pulling from the database. Typically only to local clients.
Database Server
Two email servers communicate with each other
Mail Server
Link between two resources; links two routers without any host or network in between
Point-to-Point Network
Protocol, Domain name, Resource/Filename
Parts of URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Requires that data is correct
Integrity
Requires that information is available when needed
Availability
Public – available through public sources; includes names and addresses Sensitive – not considered a threat to a person’s privacy if others learn of it; include email addresses Private – information that could be a threat if disclosed to others; includes social security and credit card numbers Confidential – information that an organization will keep secret; includes patentable information and business plans
Information Security Classifications
Emails to people to redirect them to a website to perform some operation but the website is a fake and just takes the information
Phishing
Allows you to obtain anything being sent over a network if the data being transmitted isn’t encrypted
Packet Sniffing
Self contained programs that do not need other programs to propagate across computers and computer networks
Worm
Idea of obfuscating the information that resides on a computer or sent over a network so that if it is intercepted the hacker will be unable to use the information
Encryption
First users were the engineers who built and programmed computers, then employees who had received specialized training were users, and now today, anyone and everyone can be a user.
Evolution of Users
Sends files over the network at the request of clients. Responds over LAN, within one location/site. Support both application software and data files.
FILE SERVER
Turns a user-friendly domain name, like Google.com, into an Internet Protocol (IP) address like ((( 70.42.251.42 ))) that computers use to identify each other on the network.
Domain Name Server (DNS)
Uses TWO KEYS a public and private key for performing encryption and decryption
Public Key Encryption
PROVING you are who you say you are which can be done by: what you know, what you have.
Authentication
TIER WHERE THE USER interface for the system is developed; SHIELDS THE USER from the underlying logic of the systems as well as the underlying data structures.
Presentation tier
SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT Steps 1. System Conversion 2. Final Documentation 3. End User Training
System Deployment
CONNECTS MULTIPLES networks together; can be used to directly connect computers to a network; will relay messages to computers with APPROPRIATE IP ADDRESS
Router
Requires that data is KEPT secure so that they are not accidentally provided or obtained by unauthorized users
Confidentiality
Protecting EVERY LAYER that SURROUNDS ((( DATA )))
Defense in Depth
Can take on DIFFERENT FORMS depending on the complexity of the application; in certain instances, it is AN ACTUAL OBJECT that is an ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION of the application
The model
Creates a subset of the data by reducing the data from multiple dimensions to one dimension
Slicing data
The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible
Information Technology
In charge of all aspects of the COMPUTER NETWORKS
Network Administrator
Focuses on the design, development, and support of DATABASE MANAGEMENT systems (DBMSs).
Database Administrator
Installs, configures, maintains, secures, and troubleshoots web severs.
Web Administrator
processed data
Information
INFORMATION THAT HAS BEEN PUT TO USE information placed into a context. Refined information such that the user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed.
Knowledge in DIKW
Provides a social setting to knowledge; AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ((( WHY ))) Can only come by having BOTH KNOWLEDGE and EXPERIENCE
Wisdom
IPOS
The INPUT Processing, OUTPUT, STORAGE Cycle
Processed data
Raw data that is organized and structured for usefulness.
output data
An information processing activity that retrieves, formats, and distributes data to users.
Storage
Processed information is stored for permanent record.
Computer System
A collection of components that work together to meet the needs of the user; typically : CATEGORIZED AS EITHER HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, NETWORKS AND USERS
Hardware
Physical components of a computer system which include the system unit and its components and peripheral devices; TANGIBLE ASPECTS OF THE COMPUTER
Network
A collection of computers and resources CONNECTED by various media so that they can COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER.
Software Categories
Systems Software and Applications Software
IP Protocol
RULES provided by WHICH NETWORKS communicate with each other.
computer memory
STORES the programs BEING EXECUTED and the data they are using.
system clock
Controls THE SPEED at which instructions are processed
RAM
Stands for Random Access Memory. It temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer. IT IS VOLATILE (means data or information stored disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power).
Second generation computers
Transistor components, magnetic core memory, smaller size, easier to program, disk drives and drums, called mainframe computers
Third generation computers
Silicon chips (known as ICs – integrated circuits), reduced cost, called mini computers, networks introduced via dumb terminals
low-level language
Written for a specific machine by the engineers who built and ran the computers; no need for OS since only one program could run at a time
Assembly Language
Easier than machine but still required detailed, precise LOW LEVEL instructions
Language Translator Programs
Function is to TRANSLATE ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER; take source code and convert it to another form; source code by itself cannot be read by a computer
Structured Programming
Programmer is limited to high level control constructs such as while loops, for loops, and if/else statements and not allowed to use primitive GOTO statements
Interpreted Language
A type of programming language for which most of its implementations EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS DIRECTLY AND FREELY, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions.
Shell Scripting
Small programs that place Linux commands or DOS batch files into a file
Local Computer
The computer that the user is using; physically present with
Network Hub
Connects computers to each other with NO REAL UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS BEING TRANSFERRED Used for private networks with local computers.
Network Switch
Like a hub, but this will only send data that is intended for a specific computer.
WAP (Wireless Access Point)
Can be connected to hub, switch, or router; many routers now also act as a wireless access point; sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable
client/server network
Contains one or more servers; client is a computer that will request information from another computer; server is a computer that takes requests and responds with the requested information; the software used facilitates communication with remote servers
Web Server
Stores data files (web pages) and programs (scripts). Responds from anywhere on the Internet.
print server
Monitors print jobs
ftp (file transfer protocol) server
Like web server or file server in that REQUEST ARE FILES and RESPONDED ARE THE FILES data delivered between client and server.
Bus Network
consists of a single central cable, to which all computers and other devices connect
Star Network
Each device is connected to a central device such as a hub or switch.
Ring Network
Each device is connected directly to its neighbors, and messages are forwarded from device to device until the proper destination is reached.
Mesh Network
Every device is connected directly to every other device in the network.
Domain Name
Identifies the server on which the web page can be found
top-level domain
Always ends with a period and a THREE or TWO LETTER EXTENSION which signifies the TYPE of organization or country associated with the page
Resource/Filename ID
Indicates the name of the file you are accessing, or the location of the document on the server
CIA
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
Risk Management and Strategic Risk Analysis
- Identify the organization’s information assets 2. Identify vulnerabilities of each asset 3. Determine threats 4. Prioritizing risks 5. Develop and enact policies that will reduce threats
SQL Injection
An attacker issues a SQL command to a web server as part of the URL or as input to a form on a company’s website; web server might pass the command onto the database which then allows potentially anything to be done to the database
Buffer Overflow
Placing malicious code into the buffer so that it can be executed once stored in memory; oldest and most well known software exploit; software engineers can protect against this when writing code
white hat hackers
work at the request of the system owners to find system vulnerabilities and plug the holes
black hat hackers
breaking the systems to destroy information or for illegal gain
grey hat hackers
A cross between black and white—they will often illegally break into systems merely to flaunt their expertise to the administrator of the system they penetrated or to attempt to sell their services in repairing security breaches.
Trojan Horse
a program designed to breach the security of a computer system while ostensibly performing some innocuous function.
anti-virus software
Attempts to identify if a file contains a virus or some form of malware
data redundancy
Ensures proper storage of data by providing a means so that data is available even when storage devices are damaged or offline
Symmetric Key Encryption
Uses the same key for performing the encryption and decryption
Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
Ensures that the user gains access only to the resources that the user should be able to access
Computer Network Advantages
- Cost savings benefits 2. Increased efficiency and productivity 3. Increased facilitation of communication
Application Software
Consists of programs that END USERS RUN to accomplish tasks
Systems software
Consists of programs that MAKE UP THE OS software that directly supports the computer system itself
Server Software
Works with hardware to provide a NETWORK SERVICE
Intranet
a network designed for the exclusive use of computer users within an organization that cannot be accessed by users outside the organization
kernel
Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted.
Shell
An interface for the user, often personalized for that given user, that provides access to the kernel.
IT Professional Roles
Administration and Support
System Administrator
Maintains all aspects of the system including hardware, software, and programming.
Security Administrator
Installs, configures, and administers firewall security to protect systems and proactively work to stop intrusions
Support IT Professionals
Help desk and training.
DIKW Hierarchy
Defines the transition of data to information from knowledge to wisdom. (Data Information Knowledge Wisdom)
Data in DIKW
The input directly received by the user (or computer). It is generally not usable until it has been converted into a relevant form.
Information in DIKW
Having been inferred from data; one or more processes have been applied to the data to transform it into a more useful form.
Information Systems
A collection of data and information used to support the management of an organization. Also refers to the technical components and human resources that enable the assembly, storage, and processing of data and the delivery of information. This has existed for a lot longer than computers.
Characteristics of Quality Data
RELEVANCE – the data being used must apply directly to the decision being made TIMELY – data must be efficient and must be provided in a timely manner THOROUGH – the data must be complete ACCURATE – data should be captured only once, where possible and should be captured as close to the point of activity as possible. RELIABLE – data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collections points and over time
Input
Raw data is entered BY THE USER
Software
COMPUTER PROGRAMS that tell the computer what to do–how to execute commands and process information
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Most commonly used protocol; is required of all computers that communicate over the Internet.
protocol stack
A collection of protocols. TCP/IP is an example.
Components of a Computer
CPU, Memory and Storage, Peripheral Devices
CPU
Executes programs’ instructions and commands various components in the computer. Referred to as the “chip”.
System bus
Permits information to move between each component; electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components
System unit
Critical component of all computer based systems; consists of most of the hardware the computer needs in order to run; comes in a variety of shapes and sizes.
Internal components of software unit
Case, Internal Bays, Buses, Ports, Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, CPU Cooler, Memory Module (RAM), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Expansion Slots/Cards
Parts of the CPU
Control Unit (CU) – retrieves the instructions and the raw data that is input and coordinates or controls the sending of those instructions and data to the ALU
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – does the actual processing of the data; completing mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data and converting the input of the keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen
Types of RAM
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – typically called main memory
Static RAM (SRAM) – cache memory and registers
BIOS ROM
BIOS stands for: Basic Input Output System; ROM stands for Read Only Memory. Typically stored in ROM chip on the motherboard. Is software NOT hardware, (“basic” operating system that runs when the computer is first turned on). Runs tests of memory and the CPU and initializes hardware components so that the actual Operating System can be loaded from the hard disk. Can’t choose the amount or contents.
First generation computers
Vacuum tubes, relay switches, the need to program in machine language
Fourth generation computers
Single chip processor, called microcomputer, first personal computer, rudimentary computer graphics, home use
Moore’s Law
Doubling of transistor count roughly every 18 – 24 months (exponential increase)
Evolution of Storage
Punch cards, magnetic tape, hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, flash memory, cloud storage
Compiler
Improve language translator; requires that the components of the software all be defined before compilation can begin; code is more efficient
object-oriented programming
Characterized by the creation of windowed operating systems, easier real-world object modeling in programming code, and the application of inheritance in program code.
Remote Computer
A computer being accessed over the network
Circuit Switched Network
Requires that a full pathway, or circuit, be established before transmission can begin and maintained during the entire transmission; like calling someone on the phone
Packet Switched Network
A message’s pathway is only established as it is sent; the choice of pathway is based on availability and amount of message traffic
virtual machine (VM)
Software that simulates the hardware of a physical computer, creating one or more logical machines within one physical machine.
Server
Computers that have greater hard disk storage, faster response time and are used to respond to request from other computers on the network
database server
Responds to queries by pulling from the database.
Typically only to local clients.
Mail server
Two email servers communicate with each other
Point-to-Point Network
Link between two resources; links two routers without any host or network in between
Parts of URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Protocol, Domain name, Resource/Filename
Integrity
Requires that data is correct
Availability
Requires that information is available when needed
Information security classifications
Public – available through public sources; includes names and addresses Sensitive – not considered a threat to a person’s privacy if others learn of it; include email addresses Private – information that could be a threat if disclosed to others; includes social security and credit card numbers Confidential – information that an organization will keep secret; includes patentable information and business plans
Phishing
Emails to people to redirect them to a website to perform some operation but the website is a fake and just takes the information
Packet Sniffing
Allows you to obtain anything being sent over a network if the data being transmitted isn’t encrypted
Worm
Self contained programs that do not need other programs to propagate across computers and computer networks
Encryption
Idea of obfuscating the information that resides on a computer or sent over a network so that if it is intercepted the hacker will be unable to use the information
What is the definition of information technology?
It is the technology used to create, maintain, and make information accessible.
Which IT position has the responsibillity of working with routers and switches?
Network Administrator
In which generation were silicon chips first used in computers?
Third generation
Which low-level language corresponds one to one with assembly?
machine language
What allows an organization to use software through the internet?
Saas or Software as a Service
What is one of IT’s role in golobalization?
It allows companies to reach a wider customer base.
Which category of computer has an external flat screen monitor, optical disk drive, and a large capacity hard drive?
Desktop
Which two software application packages would be classified as productivity software?
Spreadsheet program and word processor
Which two computer peripherals are connected to the computer through a port?
External microphone and USB flash drive
Which term is defined as a collection of information used to support management of an organization?
Information system
A website logs the timestamp, location, and browser of every visitor. It then aggregates this content into peak traffic times and days,minimum and maximum hits for each country and region, and popularity of certain browsers among visitors. What is the timestamp considered in this scenerio?
Data
a dept manager is creating a budget estimate for the upcoming year. The manager would like to determine whether the data will be available when the decision for the next year have to be made. Which characteristic of valuable data is the manager considering?
Reliable
Which two are parts of an information system?
Databases and Networks.
What is the difference between processing and storage?
Processing involves temporary information, while storage involves permenant information.
What type of information processing allows input data to be accepted as a set of records and processed as a unit?
Batch processing
What is the role of the systems administrator?
To install and maintain network resources.
Which action would be important for the IT department to take in order to help their business meet the goal of increased expansion?
Expanding the infrasturcture to support additional locations.
What step should be taken by a business when a third-party solution is found that will benefit a project?
Contact the group to arrange a demo of their product.
Which risk assessment question is part of the initiation phase?
Could the end users reject the outcome of the project?
In what phase of a project does time estimation occur?
Planning
What effect does scope creep have on a project?
It increases unplanned costs for the project.
Which system requirement is an example of considering user needs in the design of an information system?
Allowing easy access to customer account information.
Which type of systems testing includes having the customer test the system in an operational setting to see if it is useful?
User Acceptance
Which type of systems conversion involves starting the conversion with a portion of end users?
Pilot
What are two necessary elements of business continutiy planning?
Identifying risks that may occur
Assessing key organizational activities.
Which disaster recovery strategy is used to save information to multiple hard drives at the same time?
Data mirrorring
Which action would support confidentiality?
Updating security software.
Which regulation governs the actions of a company in case of data records being compromised, lost, or stolen?
Security Breach Notification laws
How can an organization assist employees with the ethical use of information technology?
By developing policies for information usage.
What is part of the role of an It professional assocation?
Provides professional standards for ethical behavior.
Engages in best practices for information systems
What is outside of the rold of an IT professional assocation?
Writes laws dealing with information technology
Which benefit is provided by a computer network in a business?
Cost for hardware resources are decreased.
A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing mutiple computers.
virtual machines
Each computer is roughly equal to every other computer.
Peer-to-peer
One computer will request information from another computer, which responds with requested information.
Client-server
Allows the user to control the actions of the software and through the software, to access hardware.
The operating system
Which action by application programs requires support from an operating system?
An internet browser displays a web page.
What is true about the Linux operating system?
Linux runs on both servers and workstations
Which characteristic identifies application sotware that is cloud based?
provided by third party providers
What type of software permits free temporary use followed by long term activation for a fee?
Shareware
What is the purpose of the End User License Agreement for a commercial software package?
Establishes the customer’s right tot use the software.
What is the difference between proprietary and open-source software license?
Proprietary software has a cost whereas open-source software is free.
Which two components are parts of a central processing unit?
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic logic unit (AlU)
An employee needs to edit a contract and prepare a hard copy for a project team. Which two peripheral devices should be used?
printer
monitor
Which motherboard component helps cool the cpu?
heat sink
Which item is a storage device?
flash drive
In which type of network topology is each networked device directly connectd to every other networked device?
Mesh
Which communication medium is typically used when sending data transmissions over very long distances?
Radio signals
What indicates a specific internet location?
The ip address
Translates human readable aliases into IP addresses
domain name system (DNS)
Which part of a Uniform Resource Locator identifies the location of the document on the server?
Resource path id
Which goal of information Assurance (IA) requires that information is accessible when needed?
Availability
Which technique uses all possible combination of letters and numbers to crack a password?
brute force
which is a characterisc of high level languages?
language translator programs are required.
how does a compiler work?
It requires the components of the software to be defined from the onset.
On which tier of the n tier architecture model are user interfaces developed?
presentation
Which component facilitates communication between the other two components in the MVC architecture model?
controller
What is the difference between a compiled and interpreted computer language?
compiler translates an entire program into executable progam which can be run at a later time, while the interpreter does this incrementally.
Which two languages have traditionally been used for automation rather than software development?
TCL and Python because they are scripting languages
Which is true of databases and the application that interact with them?
Applications are interdependent with the database.
What is another term for a formula that outlines how to execute a task?
Algorithm
What is the role of drivers in facilitating communication between application and databases?
They allow the ODBC to be used for interactions with the database and applications.
Which sql clause is used to inform the database management system which table should be interrograted by the query?
FROM
Which data type is used to represent product order code that comprises alphanumeric characters?
String data
Why is it important to ensure that data support business goals?
To aid in making strategic decisions.
In which category of the DIKW hierarchy would business intelligence be located?
Knowledge
Which field must contain a unique value in order for a relational database table to function?
primary key
What are the three main categories of databases?
Flat file, relational, and hierarchal
What is the database administrators role in security?
To institute protocols to protect the databases from external threats.
A single chip process developed in 1974 by IBM
microprocessor
Over the years, the number of transisters that can be placed on a chip has increased by how much?
By orders of maginitude rather than linearly
What is the phenomenon observed that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every year and will continue for at least the next ten years?
Moore’s law
How long has Moore’s law continued to be a trend?
from 1965 to the present
Is moore’s law an observation or a physical law?
observation
The fetch-execute cycle is performed in an overlapped fashion on several instructions.
pipelines cpu
a programming language that is a lengthy list of 1s and 0s.
machine language
An early language translator that would translate an assembly program into machine language.
assemblers
Language that consists of English words, mathematical notation, and familiar syntax such as a semicolon used to end statements.
high level language
What was the operation system called in the early 1960s?
a resident monitor
Which statement allowed the programmer to transfer control from any location in a progam to anywhere else in the program?
GOTO
What does the GOTO statement create?
spaghetti code
What replaced the GOTO statement with high level control constructs such as while loops, and if-else statements, and is not allowed to use the GOTO statement?
structured programming
A stand alone entity that would be programmed to handle its own internal methods as well as messages received from other objects.
An object
What is the main difference between a compiled language and an interpreted language?
An interpreted language runs inside of a special environment called the interpreter.
We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
When a programmer enters a command, what converts that command to machine language and executes it?
the interpreter
perl, php, ruby, python, and asp are interpreted languages that are also what other type of language?
scripting languages
Relies on a session and allows you to test out an idea because they are executed as they’re written.
interpreter
Requires that the componenets of the software all be defined from the onset and is considered to have more efficient code.
compiler
What generation used vacuum tubes in computers?
first generation
What generation of computers began to use transistors?
second
what generation of computers introduced the silicon chip?
third
what type of computer still uses silicon chips?
tablet
What generation of computers introduced operating systems?
third
What do integrated circuits need to function?
silicon chip
a location beacon that uses bluetooth technology and can be embedded in any location aware mobile device.
iBeacons
The myriad of types of devices that can and will be connected to the internet in the next few years.
the internet of things (IoT)
What does RFID stand for?
Radio frequency identification device
Refers to data sets that are so large and complex that they will require more advanced database management/processing tools than we currently use.
big data
what cloud service provides access and use of software to businesses through the internet?
Saas or software as a service
which form of cloud computing enables teams of developers to quickly and reliably develop and deliver applications by accessing the same environment in real-time.
Paas or Platform as a Service
Which cloud service provides all the resources (servers, data storage) tha an IT dept needs ouside of the org making them accessible by anyone, anywhere
IaaS or Infrastructure as a Service
Reduced costs
Increased speed of development of projects
The ability to quickly and easily scale operations.
Less reliance on internal IT expertise.
Benefits of cloud computing
What are the risks of cloud computing?
Org becomes dependent on the reliability and performance of a third party vendor.
Adverse effects on internal IT employees.
Could raise concerns about data ownership and compliance issues.
Possible breach in security.
What are the main components in a computer?
CPU
memory
input/output (i/o) system
bus
what does ipos stand for?
input, process, output, storage
Includes all peripheral devices for input, output, storage and network.
i/o subsystem
consists of long term storage devices
disk drives
tapes
The device that permits information to move between each component.
The bus
Also known as the chassis or cabinet.
The case of a computer
The circuitry and electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components.
the bus
the printed circuit board that houses the cpu, memory chips, and expansion cards in any computer.
the motherboard
also referred to as “the chip”
CPU
Retrieves instructions and raw data (input) and manages the transmission of the instructions and data to the alu.
Control unit
Completes mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data, converting the input of keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen.
arithmetic logic unit
controls the speed at which instructions are processed.
The system clock
What is the measurement unit used to identify clock speed on today’s computers?
GHz
What does BIOS stand for
Basic input output system
The basic operating system that runs when a computer is first turned on. It runs test of memory and the cpu,and initilizes hardware components so that the actual Operating system can be loaded from the hard disk.
BIOS ROM
Temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer.
RAM
Volitile memory that disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power.
RAM
Houses CDs and DVDs, typically located on the front of the system unit for easy access.
bays
can insert modem cards, wireless access cards, and other PC cards such as camera cards
slots
Can connect additional input, output, storage, and communication devices
ports
computer that has the least amount of performance
handheld
computer that has the mid amount of performance capability
laptop
computer with the most amount of performance capability
desktop
consists of programs that end users run to accomplish tasks. An example of a type of this software includes the email client, web browser, and ftop client
application software
consists of applications that are usefule to everyone such as word processor, presentation software, spreadsheet program, database mgmt systems, calendar program, address book, and data organizer.
productivity software
software more specific towards artists and graphic designers
drawing software
also referred to as horizontal software
productivity software
Software used by select groups with an organization or to a specific discipline such as music sequencers, samplers, and digital recorders for muscians.
vertical software
progams that make up the operating system and directly supports the computer system itself.
system software
Pieces of the operating system that run in the background all of the time
daemons or services
works with hardware to provide a network service, types of software includes web servers, email servers, and database servers
server software
software stored on an individual computer
local application
the ability to have computation anywhere at any time
ubiquitous computing
Android, Chrom, and iOS are common operating systems for which type of computer?
mobile devices
dedicated computers within a network whose function is to respond to network requests and provide a network service
server
loaded when the computer is first booted, included components that handle process mgmt, resource mgmt, and memory mgmt
kernel
sits on top of the hardware and is the interface between hardware and software
the kernel
a piece of the operating system that provides specific interfaces between the OS running a computer and hardware.
device drivers
an interface for the user that provides access to the kernel
the shell
programs that allow the user to monitor and improve system performance
system utilities
sometimes referred to as root or superuser
administrator account
hat is the role of a web server
to respond to HTTP requests
What does http stand for?
hypertext transfer protocol
Used in an organization to act as a giant cache of web pages that anyone in the organization has recently retrieved.
proxy server
what type of server has the capability of blocking specific servers and rejecting responses that contain certain content?
proxy server
permits database access across a network. Performs tasks such as data analysis, data manipulation, security, and archiving.
database server
like a web server, this server host files and allows clients to access those files. However, it instead provides access in the form of uploading and downloading files.
ftp server
a computer with a large hard disk storing files that any or many users of the network may wish to access.
file server
data that has been processed
information
in the dikw, what is data?
data is the input directly received by human or computer.
in dikw, what is information?
information is inferred from data, meaning that one or many processes have been applied to the data to tranform it into a more useful form.
in dikw, what is knowledge?
refined information that hte user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed.
in dikw, what is wisdom?
having both knowledge and experience
which characteristic of quality data requires data being used to be applied directly to the decision being made.
relevance
characateristic of quality data where data is provided efficiently and on time so that companies can utilize it in their business.
timely
characteristic of quality data whereas data must be complete and not contain errors or lapses of data.
thorough
characteristic of quality data whereas data is captured once only, where possible, and captured as close to the point of activity as possible.
accurate
characteristic of quality data whereas data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collection points and over time, whether using manual or computer based systems or a combination.
reliable
What four operations does a computer perform?
input
processing
Output
Storgage
The physical components of a computer
hardware
the programs and other operating information used by the computer
software
a collection of computers and resources connected by various media so they can communicate with each other.
network
The people who use the computer system
users
A set of rules established to govern how people behave and interact with each other
a protocol
a requirment of all computers to communicate over the internet
transmission control protocol/ internet protocol or TCP/IP
A collection of protocols that is sometimes referred to as a protocol stack
tcp/ip
commercial software purchased from a vendor
proprietary
proprietary software produced by a company that commercially markets software
software house
software free from purchase, but not necessarily free in how you use it.
freeware
what types of software is ususally software that has become obsolete because a new software has replaced it, or is software that the original producer no longer wants to maintain and provide support for?
freeware
public domain
software that has been moved into the public domain and are made available as executables.
public domain
software created in the open source community and made freely available as source code
open source
protects an original work, but no the ideas behind the work
copyright
excluse right to make copies, prepare derivative works, and distribute copies of the work for the duration of the author’s life plus 70 years.
copyright
What is the definition of information technology?
It is the technology used to create, maintain, and make information accessible.
Which IT position has the responsibillity of working with routers and switches?
In which generation were silicon chips first used in computers?
Which low-level language corresponds one to one with assembly?
What allows an organization to use software through the internet?
What is one of IT’s role in golobalization?
It allows companies to reach a wider customer base.
Which two software application packages would be classified as productivity software?
Spreadsheet program and word processor
Which two computer peripherals are connected to the computer through a port?
External microphone and USB flash drive
Which term is defined as a collection of information used to support management of an organization?
Which two are parts of an information system?
What is the difference between processing and storage?
Costs for hardware resources are decreased
Each computer is roughly equal to every other computer.
Which action by application programs requires support from a networked operating system?
An Internet browser displays a web page.
Which characteristic identifies application software that is cloud-based?
Provided by third-party providers
What type of software permits free temporary use followed by long-term activation for a fee?
What is the purpose of an End User License Agreement for a commercial software package?
Establishes the customer’s right to use the software.
What is the difference between proprietary and open-source software license?
Proprietary software has a cost whereas open-source software is free.
Which two components are parts of a central processing unit (CPU)?
Control unit (CU), and Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Which item is a storage device?
What indicates a specific Internet location?
Which description explains the role of a domain name system (DNS)?
Translates human-readable aliases into IP addresses
Which goal of Information Assurance (IA) requires that information is accessible when needed?
Which technique uses all possible combinations of letters and numbers to crack a password?
Which is a type of two-factor authentication?
Which is a characteristic of high-level languages?
The source code has to be complied.
It takes the most recent instructions and translates them into machine language
What is true of compiled and interpreted computer language?
Which language is often used for rapid prototyping and the creation of GUIs?
What is true of databases and the applications that interact with them?
Applications are interdependent of the database.
What is another term for a formula that outlines how to execute a task?
Which data type is used to represent product order code that comprises alphanumeric characters?
Why is it important to ensure that data support business goals?
To aid in making strategic decisions.
Which field must contain a unique value in order for a relational database table to function?
What are the three main categories of databases?
Flat file, relational, hierarchal
What is the database administrators role in security?
To institute protocols to protect the databases from external threats.
What is the role of drivers in facilitating communication between applications and databases?
They allow the application to interact with the database.
What is the role of the systems administrator?
To install and maintain network resources.
What is the purpose of an IT department?
It helps the organization achieve strategic goals.
Expanding the infrasturcture to support additional locations.
Contact the group to arrange a demo of their product.
Which risk assessment question is part of the initiation phase?
Could the end users reject the outcome of the project?
In what phase of a project does time estimation occur?
What effect does scope creep have on a project?
It increases unplanned costs for the project.
Allowing secure access to customer account information.
Which type of systems conversion involves starting the conversion with a portion of end users?
What are two necessary elements of business continutiy planning?
Identifying risks that may occur.
Assessing key organizational activities.
Which action would support confidentiality?
Security Breach Notification laws
How can an organization assist employees with the ethical use of information technology?
By developing policies for information usage.
What is part of the role of an It professional?
Which software is run automatically rather than by the end user?
Which account is also referred to as root or superuser?
Which of the following best describes a hierarchical database format?
Data are modeled using parent-child relationships.
What are the responsibilities of the system administrator?
Providing support to users
Creating new user accounts
Installing new file server hardware and software
Which of the following is an example of a relational database?
Which of the following describes the duties of a web administrator?
Which of the following statements accurately describe IT certifications?
What are important characteristic of an IT professional?
Ability to troubleshoot
Desire to continually learn.
Good communication skills – both oral and written
What describes the difference between information systems and information technology?
What best represents the relevant characteristic of quality data?
The data used applies to the question being answered.
What is/are true of the IPOS cycle?
What is an accurate definition of a computer system?
What is the difference between software and hardware?
What would require the use of a network?
Which type of software includes programs such as Microsoft Word and PowerPoint?
__________ software works with hardware to provide a network service
What is another term that defines a script?
___________ is ephemeral, meaning data stored is lost when the computer is powered off.
In a SQL query, the __________ operation combines two tables together?
__________ uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of glass or plastic.
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
What is the correct order of project phase for Project Management?
Initiation, Planning, Executing, Closing
During this phase of Project Management, the projects scope and requirements are defined
This server addresses protocols such as: IMAP, POP3, SMTP, HTTP, MAPI, and MIME (email protocols)
In this network topology ALL devices have a single point-to-point connection with a central device
This type of software is made freely available as source code.
All of the following are compiled languages
Which of the following is the correct function of the compiler?
Translates the entire program, creating an executable program, which can be run at a later time.
Which two are both types of scripting languages?
Which of the following types of information present a threat to someone’s privacy?
Student ID and credit card numbers
Learning about social engineering and how to protect passwords is ___.
Allows hardware sharing within one office
Which device permits packet switching so that a message can be routed to the next link in a network?
What best describes the Internet?
The Internet is a global network of networks.
All of the following are parts of a URL
All messages require a response from the destination machine to the sending device.
Your site’s Internet point of presence is called a:
What aligns IT goals and organization goals?
What is IT management responsible for?
A ____________ is also known as a datasheet
What is an advantage of outsourcing?
Cost-effective if time is constrained
A company’s ability to recover after a disaster is directly related to which of the following?
What is the definition of a Platform as a Service (PaaS)?
A Platform as a Service is the ability to quickly and consistently develop and deliver applications.
The use of IT has allowed businesses to have __________.
During which generation did computers begin to see widespread use in business?
Which of the following high-level programming languages was created to be business-oriented?
What best describes the differences between memory and the hard drive?
What best describes the purpose of expansion slots in modern computers?
carries out the instructions of a computer program and is often referred to as the “chip”?
The CPU controls the speed at which instructions are retrieved and processed in the computer.
What is an example of what 1 GB would store?
Which of the following statements accurately describes random access memory (RAM)?
Which is found on the motherboard and stores information but the information is not permanent?
A scanner is a peripheral device for what system?
What peripheral component houses CDs and DVD?
Which computer will use a docking station to function like a desktop?
Determining the project scope or the work that needs to be completed is in what project phase?
The work that needs to be done
During implementation, how is alpha testing different from beta testing?
Alpha testing uses simulated data
During implementation, which testing assesses whether the system functions and is useful?
Which term involves replacing the old system with a new system?
Which of the following are operations used to alter the data within a relation of a database?
Which of the following are the three main categories of databases?
Hierarchical , Flat File, Relational
Database administrators might be involved with the integration of data from where?
in a __________ shell forward slash (/) is used to express directory paths;?
What is the definition of business intelligence?
Which of the following interacts between a database and an application?
Which of the following operators is used to select all of a certain data?
*
What is outside of the role of an IT professional?
Writes laws dealing with information technology
Which motherboard component helps cool the cpu?
which is a characteristic of high level languages?
language translator programs are required.
It requires the components of the software to be defined from the onset.
A single chip process developed in 1974 by IBM
How long has Moore’s law continued to be a trend?
Is moore’s law an observation or a physical law?
The fetch-execute cycle is performed in an overlapped fashion on several instructions.
a programming language that is a lengthy list of 1s and 0s.
An early language translator that would translate an assembly program into machine language.
What was the operation system called in the early 1960s?
When a programmer enters a command, what converts that command to machine language and executes it?
What generation used vacuum tubes in computers?
What generation of computers began to use transistors?
what type of computer still uses silicon chips?
What generation of computers introduced operating systems?
What do integrated circuits need to function?
The myriad of types of devices that can and will be connected to the internet in the next few years.
Radio frequency identification device
input, process, output, storage
also referred to as “the chip”
Houses CDs and DVDs, typically located on the front of the system unit for easy access.
computer that has the least amount of performance
computer that has the mid amount of performance capability
computer with the most amount of performance capability
Pieces of the operating system that run in the background all of the time
software stored on an individual computer
the ability to have computation anywhere at any time
sits on top of the hardware and is the interface between hardware and software
an interface for the user that provides access to the kernel
hat is the role of a web server
data is the input directly received by human or computer.
having both knowledge and experience
A set of rules established to govern how people behave and interact with each other
a requirment of all computers to communicate over the internet
transmission control protocol/ internet protocol or TCP/IP
Marcus has a summer job working at a real estate agency. He is entering client addresses into the company’s computer system. At which state of the DIKW is Marcus working?
Data
Which software is run automatically rather than by the end user
System software
Which account is also referred to as root or superuser?
The Administrator Account
Which of the following best describes a hierarchical database format?
Data are modeled using parent-child relationships
Which of the following would NOT be the responsibility of the system administrator?
Answering e-mails from potential customers
Which of the following is an example of a relational database?
A database containing student records with fields such as Student ID, First Name, Last Name, Major, GPA that links to other databases in the University’s system.
Which of the following describes the duties of a web administrator?
Duties include maintaining and securing the web server. Also responsible for troubleshooting the web server.
Which of the following statements accurately describe IT certifications?
Earning an IT certificate indicates an IT professional has a thorough background in a specific IT area.
Which of the following is NOT an important characteristic of an IT professional?
Strong math background and programming skills
As a new sales manager, Sylvia is studying the historical and current sales report numbers to determine the top three salespersons of the year. At which stage of the DIKW hierarchy is Sylvia working?
Knowledge
Which of the following statements describes the difference between information systems and information technology?
An information system does not have to use computer hardware or software; whereas information technology requires the use of hardware and software.
Which of the following statements best represents the relevant characteristic of quality data?
The data used applies to the question being answered.
Which of the following is/are true of the IPOS cycle?
Once words, numbers or images are entered, a computer processes the data into usable information that can then be accessed to answer questions or meet specific needs.
Which of the following is an accurate definition of a computer system?
A computer system is a collection of hardware and software components that work together to meet the needs of the user.
Which of the following would NOT be considered hardware?
Word processor.
Select the statement that best describes the difference between software and hardware.
Computer software is developed by writing a program using programming language whereas computer hardware is the physical components such as memory modules and disk drives.
Which of the following would NOT require the use of a network?
Loading a statistical program on your personal computer.
Which type of software includes programs such as Microsoft Word and PowerPoint?
Application
What is a program that will allow a computer to easily access the hardware and software of the computer system?
Operating system
_ software works with hardware to provide a network service
Windows Server
What is another term that defines a script?
Interpreted program
In the _ design phase of the SDLC (system development life cycle) the system is described in abstract terms using modeling tools such as flowcharts, UML and entity-relationship diagrams.
Logical
Software testing conducted by a client or a specific department within an organization, is called:
Alpha
This phase of testing consists of using actual (i.e., live) data in the real working environment
Beta
_ _ occurs when the old system is “turned off” and the new system is “turned on” at a specific date and time.
Direct Conversion
For the following scenario, which government regulation would be relevant?
Andrea is employed by the Deming Foundation, a non-profit seeking to help increase graduation rates in rural communities. She has been working hard to identify and recruit donations from wealthy businessmen and companies and is seeing a great deal of success. While she quickly runs into the grocery store for a few items, someone steals her laptop from her car, containing all her work files.
Security Breach Notification Laws.
During _ _ the output of the new system is compared with the output of the old system
Parallel Conversion
During _ _ the old system continues to offer some functionality until all subsets of the new system have been turned on and the new system is confirmed to be working effectively.
Phased Conversion
This form of cloud computing is offered as a service by some major organizations, such as Amazon and Google, and used extensively by app developers. Its intent is to be able to quickly and reliably develop and deliver applications
Paas (Platform as a Service)
With _ an IT department resources (i.e. servers, data storage) are located outside of the organization and are accessible by anyone, anywhere
Iaas (Infrastructure as a Service)
What is the correct order of project phase for Project Management?
Initiation, Planning, Executing & Controlling, Closing
During this phase of Project Management, the projects scope and requirements are defined
Initiation phase
The role of a _ _ is to respond to requests most typically come from web browsers, such as HTTP
web server
This server addresses protocols such as: IMAP, POP3, SMTP, HTTP, MAPI, and MIME (email protocols)
email server
In this network topology ALL devices have a single point-to-point connection with a central device
STAR network
This type of software is made freely available as source code
open source software
This software protection will protect an individuals original work (tangible form) for the authors life + 70 years
Copyright
This license protects the creation of inventive concepts as well as the tangible work product for 20 years at the date of filing
patent
The _ keyword in SQL is used to inform the DBMS what fields or attributes are of interest (and where they are located, i.e. which table/relation they can be found in).
SELECT
The _ keyword in SQL is used to inform the DBMS what tables are to be interrogated by the query and, if more than one table contains the data of interest, how they are to be combined or joined.
FROM
The _ keyword in SQL is used to inform the DBMS of the specific criteria the data should match to be returned as the output of the query
WHERE
All of the following are high-level languages except for:
Javascript
Which of the following is the correct function of the compiler?
Translates the entire program, creating an executable program, which can be run at a later time.
A program written in a high-level language must be converted into _ code to be executed by the computer.
Machine
A collection of organized databases is called:
a data warehouse
Which two are both types of scripting languages
ASP and Python
This type of database is the most common format for storing data as it provides users with a great deal of flexibility, allowing for multiple tables (relations).
Relational
This database structure format organizes data using a tree-like or organizational chart type structure (i.e. parent-child structure)
Hierarchal
Which of the following types of information present a threat to someone’s privacy?
Student ID and credit card numbers
In strategic risk analysis, what is the final step?
Develop and enact policies against threats
Learning about social engineering and how to protect passwords is _
Education
File access rights
Will include files that the user can access
A local area network (LAN)
Allows hardware sharing within one office
Which device permits packet switching so that a message can be routed to the next link in a network?
Router
Which of the following best describes the Internet?
The Internet is a global network of networks.
All of the following are parts of a URL except for:
LAN
Which of the following statements is not part of the path a message takes from one computer to another?
All messages require a response from the destination machine to the sending device.
Your site’s Internet point of presence is called a:
Gateway
Which of the following aligns IT goals and organization goals?
IT goals include cloud computing and organization goals include real-time communications to contain costs while scaling quickly
What is IT management responsible for?
Being the project manager
IT personnel who understand both the technical IT infrastructure and management of the business fill which role?
IT management
What is an advantage of outsourcing?
Cost-effective if time is constrained
A company’s ability to recover after a disaster is directly related to which of the following?
Business continuity plan
Which of the following is the final step in creatinf a BCP plan?
Testing the plan
An operating system will write and change data to multiple hard drives at the same time so that if something happens to one hard drive, another hard drive is available to speed up data recovery. This statement best describes which of the following?
Data mirroring
What is the definition of a Platform as a Service (PaaS)?
A Platform as a Service is the ability to quickly and consistently develop and deliver applications.
The use of IT has allowed businesses to have _.
More tools for communicating
During which generation did computers begin to see widespread use in business?
Fourth generation
Which of the following high-level programming languages was created to be business-oriented?
COBOL
Which of the four main components of a computer is described by this statement: This component executes all of the arithmetic and logic operations and is responsible for controlling (commanding) all of the components in the computer.
CPU
Which of the following best describes the differences between memory and the hard drive?
Memory stores instructions and data used by programs in the moment; whereas a hard drive stores data, programs, and files that can be accessed at a future time.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of expansion slots in modern computers?
Expansion slots allow additional cards to be connected to the motherboard that interface with peripheral devices.
Which of the following carries our the instructions of a computer program and is often referred to as the “chip”?
Central Processing Unit
Which of the following statements best defines the CPU?
The CPU controls the speed at which instructions are retrieved and processed in the computer.
Which of the following is an example of what 1 GB would store?
Thousands of books
Which of the following statements accurately describes random access memory (RAM)?
RAM is short-term memory.
Which is found on the motherboard and stores information but the information is not permanent?
RAM
All of the following are input systems except:
Speaker
A scanned is a peripheral device for what system?
I/O
What peripheral component houses CDs and DVD?
Bays
What external component will allow peripherals to be connected to the system unit and connect additional input, output, storage, and communication devices?
Ports
Which computer will use a docking station to function like a desktop?
Notebook
An undertaking with a start and end, specified goals, and tasks to reach those goals is the definition of the?
Project
Which project phase consists of determining the objectives and activities, organizing the activities, and estimating the time and costs?
Planning
The team will write a final report detailing the processes and outcomes of the project in which project phase?
Closing
Which project phase determines what resources are available to meet the projects needs?
Initiation
Determining the project scope or the work that needs to be completed is in what project phase?
Initiation
The scope of the project is?
The work that needs to be done
During analysis, which system requirements prevents unauthorized users from accessing data?
Security
During implementation, how is alpha testing different from beta testing?
Alpha testing uses simulated data
During implementation, which testing assesses whether the system functions and is useful?
User Acceptance
Which term involves replacing the old system with a new system?
System conversion
Why is it essential to know what information will be needed from the database from the outset of development? Select all that apply.
By knowing the purpose, the developer can determine how many fields are needed in the database.
The purpose determines the structure of the database.
The developer can determine which data types would help fulfill the purpose.
Which of the following are operations used to alter the data within a relation of a database?
Update, Delete, Insert
Which of the following are the three main categories of databases?
Hierarchical, Flat File, Relational
Database administrators might be involved with the integration of data from where
Older systems to new
Which of the following statements applies to a business intelligence system?
Used when making long-term decisions.
What is the definition of business intelligence?
Business intelligence is a term used to reflect the knowledge a business can create by analyzing data gathered from multiple sources.
Which of the following interacts between a database and an application?
A driver
Which of the following operators is used to select all of a certain data?
*
Information Technology
The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible.
IT Professional Roles
Administration and Support
System Administrator
Maintains all aspects of the system including hardware, software, and programming.
Network Administrator
In charge of all aspects of the computer network
Database Administrator
Focuses on the design, development, and support of database management systems (DBMSs).
Security Administrator
Installs, configures, and administers firewall security to protect systems and proactively work to stop intrusions.
Web Administrator
Installs, configures, maintains, secures, and troubleshoots web severs.
Support IT Professionals
Help desk and training.
Information
Processed data.
DIKW Hierarchy
Defines the transition of data to information to knowledge to wisdom. (Data Information Knowledge Wisdom)
Data in DIKW
The input directly received by the user (or computer). It is generally not usable until it has been converted into a relevant form.
Information in DIKW
Having been inferred from data; one or more processes have been applied to the data to transform it into a more useful form.
Knowledge in DIKW
Information that has been put to use; information placed into a context. Refined information such that the user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed.
Wisdom in DIKW
Provides a social setting to knowledge; an understanding of the “why”. Can only come by having both knowledge and experience.
Information Systems
A collection of data and information used to support the management of an organization. Also refers to the technical components and human resources that enable the assembly, storage, and processing of data and the delivery of information. This has existed for a lot longer than computers.
Characteristics of Quality Data
Relevance – the data being used must apply directly to the decision being made
Timely – data must be efficient and must be provided in a timely manner
Thorough – the data must be complete
Accurate – data should be captured only once, where possible and should be captured as close to the point of activity as possible.
Reliable – data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collections points and over time
IPOS
The Input-Procession-Output-Storage Cycle
Input
Raw data is entered by the user.
Processing
Raw data is organized or structured for usefulness.
Output
Information is output so user can see results.
Storage
Processed information is stored for permanent record.
Computer System
A collection of components that work together to meet the needs of the user; typically categorized as either hardware, software, networks, or users.
Hardware
Physical components of a computer system which include the system unit and its components and peripheral devices; tangible aspects of the computer.
Software
Computer programs that tell the computer what to do–how to execute commands and process information
Network
A collection of computers and resources connected by various media so that they can communicate with each other.
User
Those who use a computer.
Software Categories
Systems Software and Applications Software
Evolution of Users
First users were the engineers who built and programmed computers, then employees who had received specialized training were users, and now today, anyone and everyone can be a user.
Protocol
Rules provided by which networks communicate with each other.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Most commonly used protocol; is required of all computers that communicate over the Internet.
Protocol Stack
A collection of protocols. TCP/IP is an example.
Components of a Computer
CPU, Memory and Storage, Peripheral Devices
CPU
Executes programs’ instructions and commands various components in the computer. Referred to as the “chip”.
Memory
Stores the programs being executed and the data they are using.
I/O Subsystem
All peripheral devices where long term storage devices are used.
Bus
Permits information to move between each component; electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components
System Unit
Critical component of all computer based systems; consists of most of the hardware the computer needs in order to run; comes in a variety of shapes and sizes.
Internal Components of the System Unit
Case, Internal Bays, Buses, Ports, Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, CPU Cooler, Memory Module (RAM), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Expansion Slots/Cards
Parts of the CPU
Control Unit (CU) – retrieves the instructions and the raw data that is input and coordinates or controls the sending of those instructions and data to the ALU
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – does the actual processing of the data; completing mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data and converting the input of the keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen
System Clock
Controls the speed at which instructions are processed.
RAM
Stands for Random Access Memory.
It temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer.
It is volatile (means data or information stored disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power).
You can choose the amount of RAM your computer has.
Types of RAM
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – typically called main memory
Static RAM (SRAM) – cache memory and registers
BIOS ROM
BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System; ROM stands for Read Only Memory.
Typically stored in ROM chip on the motherboard.
Is software not hardware, (“basic” operating system that runs when the computer is first turned on).
Runs tests of memory and the CPU and initializes hardware components so that the actual Operating System can be loaded from the hard disk.
Can’t choose the amount or contents.
1st Generation of Computers
Vacuum tubes, relay switches, the need to program in machine language
2nd Generation of Computers
Transistor components, magnetic core memory, smaller size, easier to program, disk drives and drums, called mainframe computers
3rd Generation of Computers
Silicon chips (known as ICs – integrated circuits), reduced cost, called mini computers, networks introduced via dumb terminals
4th Generation of Computers
Single chip processor, called microcomputer, first personal computer, rudimentary computer graphics, home use
Moore’s Law
Doubling of transistor count roughly every 18 – 24 months (exponential increase); observation, not physical law
Evolution of Storage
Punch cards, magnetic tape, hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, flash memory, cloud storage
Machine/Low-level Language
Written for a specific machine by the engineers who built and ran the computers; no need for OS since only one program could run at a time
Assembly Language
Easier than machine but still required detailed, precise low level instructions
Language Translator Programs
Function is to translate one program language into another; take source code and convert it to another form; source code by itself cannot be read by a computer
Complier
Improve language translator; requires that the components of the software all be defined before compilation can begin; code is more effcient
Structured Programming
Programmer is limited to high level control constructs such as while loops, for loops, and if/else statements and not allowed to use primitive GOTO statements
Object Oriented Programming
Initially introduced in Smalltalk in 1970’s and early 80’s
Interpreted Code
Runs inside a special environment; is better for testing
Shell Scripting
Small programs that place Linux commands or DOS batch files into a file
Local Computer
The computer that the user is using; physically present with
Remote Computer
A computer being accessed over the network
Network Hub
Connects multiple computers together; broadcasts the transmission, sending the data to every device in the network
Network Switch
More functional than a hub; records and recognizes the local network addresses (MAC or IP) or all computers connected to it
Router
Connects multiple networks together; can be used to directly connect computers to a network; will relay messages to computers with appropriate IP addresses
Wireless Access Point
Can be connected to hub, switch, or router; many routers now also act as a wireless access point; sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable
Circuit Switched Network
Requires that a full pathway, or circuit, be est. before transmission can begin and maintained during the entire transmission
Packet Switched Network
A message’s pathway is only est. as it is sent; the choice of pathway is based on availability and amount of message traffic
Workstations
Creates and maintains client network connections to remote servers
Virtual Machine (VM)
A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing multiple computers; allows a user to run software for different OS platform in their computer that would not otherwise be able to run that software; this allows multiple users on a network to access the software to support collaboration.
Server
Computers that have greater hard disk storage, faster response time and are used to respond to request from other computers on the network
Client-server Network
Contains one or more servers; client is a computer that will request information from another computer; server is a computer that takes requests and responds with the requested information; the software used facilitates communication with remote servers
File Server
Sends files over the network at the request of clients.
Responds over LAN, within one location/site.
Support both application software and data files.
Web Server
Stores data files (web pages) and programs (scripts).
Responds from anywhere on the Internet.
Database Server
Responds to queries by pulling from the database.
Typically only to local clients.
Print Server
Monitors print jobs
Mail Server
Two email servers communicate with each other
FTP Server
Like web server or file server in that requests are for files and responses are the files
Point-to-Point Network
Link between two resources.
Simplest for of a network.
Limits how devices can communicate with each other
Bus Network
Devices connected along a single cable.
Size of network is restricted.
Star Network
Each device is connected to a central devices such as a hub or switch.
Ring Network
Each device is connected directly to its neighbors, and messages are forwarded from device to device until the proper destination is reached.
Mesh Network
Every device is connected directly to every other device in the network.
Domain Name Server (DNS)
Used to translate from an IP alias to an IP address
Parts of URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Protocol, Domain name, Resource/Filename
Domain Name
Identifies the server on which the web page can be found
Domain Name Parts
Top level domain (TLD) name and Host name
Host Name
Identifies the organization that is responsible for the information on the page or provides the server space where the information is stored
TLD(Top Level Domain) Name
Always ends with a period and a three or two letter extension which signifies the type of organization or country associated with the page
Resource/Filename ID
Indicates the name of the file you are accessing, or the location of the document on the server
CIA
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
Confidentiality
Requires that data bet kept secure so that they are not accidentally provided or obtained by unauthorized users
Integrity
Requires that data is correct
Availability
Requires that information is available when needed
Data Integrity Efforts
1st – Must include a component that ensures the accuracy of the collected data
2nd – Must be entered into the system accurately
3rd – Data modification must be tracked
Strategic Risk Analysis
- Identify the organization’s information assets
- Identify vulnerabilities of each asset
- Determine threats
- Prioritizing risks
- Develop and enact policies that will reduce threats
Information Security Classifications
Public – available through public sources; includes names and addresses
Sensitive – not considered a threat to a person’s privacy if others learn of it; include email addresses
Private – information that could be a threat if disclosed to others; includes social security and credit card numbers
Confidential – information that an organization will keep secret; includes patentable information and business plans
Defense in Depth
Protecting every layer that surrounds data
Phishing
Emails to people to redirect them to a website to perform some operation but the website is a fake and just takes the information
SQL Injection
An attacker issues a SQL command to a web server as part of the URL or as input to a form on a company’s website; web server might pass the command onto the database which then allows potentially anything to be done to the database
Buffer Overflow
Placing malicious code into the buffer so that it can be executed once stored in memory; oldest and most well known software exploit; software engineers can protect against this when writing code
Hacking
When an individual obtains unauthorized access to a host
White Hat Hacker
Informs companies of potential problems with software so companies can fix
Black Hat Hacker
Individuals with malicious intent who violate security in order to commit crimes or acts of terrorism
Grey Hat Hacker
Engage in both white and black hat types of hacking activities
Packet Sniffing
Allows you to obtain anything being sent over a network if the data being transmitted isn’t encrypted
Virus
Software that attaches itself to another legitimate software application
Worms
Self contained programs that do not need other programs to propagate across computers and computer networks
Trojan Horse
Type of virus that completely replaces an existing application and takes the name of the taken over file
Denial of Service (DOS)
One or more attackers attempt to flood a server with so many incoming messages that the server is unable to handle legitimate business
Firewalls
Can be either software or hardware; hardware is a dedicated server; software contains a list of the rules that describe the types of messages that should either be permitted to make it through, or those that should be blocked
Anti-viral Software
Attempts to identify if a file contains a virus or some form of malware
Redundancy
Ensures proper storage of data by providing a means so that data is available even when storage devices are damaged or offline
Encryption
Idea of obfuscating the information that resides on a computer or sent over a network so that if it is intercepted the hacker will be unable to use the information
Symmetric Key Encryption
Uses the same key for performing the encryption and decryption
Public Key Encryption
Uses two keys, a public and private key for performing encryption and decryption
Security Education
Users learn how to protect their passwords and other security measures
Authentication
Proving you are who you say you are which can be done by: what you know, what you have (two factor authentication)
Role-based Access Control
Ensures that the user gains access only to the resources that the user should be able to access
Computer Network Advantages
- Cost savings benefits
- Increased efficiency and productivity
- Increased facilitation of communication
Application Software
Consists of programs that end users run to accomplish tasks
System Software
Consists of programs that make up the OS; software that directly supports the computer system itself
Server Software
Works with hardware to provide a network service
Local Applications
Software that is stored on an individual computer
Intranet
A LAN that uses the Internet Protocol
Cloud Computing
Offers, as a service, the ability to offload computation and storage from your local computer
Operating Systems
Primary task is to allow a computer user to easily access the hardware and software of a computer system
Kernel
Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted.
Device Drivers
Provide specific interfaces between the OS running a computer and hardware devices.
Shell
An interface for the user, often personalized for that given user, that provides access to the kernel.
Services
Os programs that are usually started when the OS is loaded and initialized, but they run in the background. Also called daemons.
Utility Programs
Programs that allow the user to monitor and improve system performance.
Proxy Server
Acts as a giant cache of web pages that anyone in the organization has recently retrieved
Proprietary Software
Software purchased from a vendor; also known as commercial
Shareware
Provides a trial version of the software.
Freeware
Usually software that has become obsolete; is free
Public Domain
Software that has been moved into the public domain; can be used however you feel
Open Source
Created in the Open Source Community and made freely available as source code
Copyrights
Protect an original work (in its tangible, expressed form), but not the ideas behind the work for the duration of the author’s life plus 70 years.
Patents
Protect the creation of inventive concepts as well as the tangible work product for 20 years from the filing date
End User License Agreement (EULA)
Gives the purchaser the right to use the software
Decimal
Uses base 10 to represent numbers (0 – 9)
Binary
Uses base 2 system (0 and 1)
Byte
8 bits; a single character of text in a computer
Octal
Every value is represented with some combination of 8 digits (0 – 7)
Hexadecimal
Uses a base 16
Character Representation
ASCII and Unicode
Language Translators
A program that takes one program, written in a high level language, and creates a machine language program as output
Compiled Language
Translates the entire program, creating an executable program which can be run at a later time
Interpreted Language
Takes the most recently entered instruction, translates it into machine language, and executes it
Script
Sometimes uses to refer to a small program that have been traditionally used for automation
Algorithms
A formula or procedure for solving a problem. Can also be described as a set of steps that are followed in order to complete a process
Multi-tier Development
Separation of different aspect of a system
N-tier Development
Often used to indicate that the number of tiers a system will be broken down into will vary between different software development projects
Presentation Tier
Tier where the user interface for the system is developed; shields the user from the underlying logic of the systems as well as the underlying data structures
Logic Tier
Tier that sits between the user interface and the data.
Data Tier
Tier where data is stored, retrieved and updated from database tables
Model-View-Controller (MVC)
Is a development technique used in the implementation of user interfaces
The Model
Can take on different forms depending on the complexity of the application; in certain instances, it is an actual object that is an actual implementation of the application
The View
The part of the application that represents the user interface; used to capture input from the user to be passed on via the controller to the model
The Controller
The part of an application that interacts with the user and passes the user requests to the model
Data Validation
Ensuring that users enter the correct data type
String Data
Alphanumeric or text character
Floating-point
Number with a decimal point
Boolean/Logical
True/False
Flat File Database
One large single table; used if the amount of data that is being recorded is fairly minimal
Relational Database
Has multiple tables (relations) with interrelated fields; most common structure for databases
Hierarchical Database
Organizes data using a tree like or organizational chart type structure
Database Management System (DBMS)
Used to create, manipulate, and access the data in a database
Relation
Often presented as a table
Tuples
Rows of a relation
Attributes
Columns of the relation
Field
Contains the data of an attribute for a record within a relation
Query
A search of data in the relation or relations that fit specific parameters
Projection
A query that returns all of the records from the relation, but only select attributes or fields
Sort
Sorting records based on some field(s) such as ascending order by last name
Join
Withdraws information from multiple relations
Primary Key
A field int he relations that contains a unique value
Business Intelligence
A specific information system to help an organization reach its strategic goals
Data Warehouse
A collection of organized databases
Database Information Processing (OLAP)
Data is processed through a suite of analysis software tools
Slicing
Creates a subset of the data by reducing the data from multiple dimensions to one dimension
Dicing
Same as slicing except that the result can be in multiple dimensions
Drilling up and down
Shifts the view of the data; down provides more detail, up provides summarized data
Rolling up
Similar to drilling up but it collapses the data from multiple items into a single value
Pivot
Rotates data to view the data from a different perspective
Online Data Processing (OLDP)
Deals with data in real time
Event-driven Processing
Uses business event to trigger messages to be sent by middleware between software modules that are completely independent of one another
Batch Processing
Processing large amounts of data all in one batch when the computer system is not busy
ODBC (Open Database Connectivity)
Interacts with a database via a database driver
Structured Query Language (SQL)
A standard query language that is used to communicate in may DBMSs
Database Interacting Format
SELECT fields FROM tables WHERE fields from tables match criteria
SELECT
Used to inform the DBMS what fields or attributes are of interest
FROM
Used to inform the DBMS what tables are to be interrogated by the query and if more than one table, how they are to be combined or joined
WHERE
Used to inform the DBMS of the specific criteria the data should match to be returned as the output of the query
Project phases
Initiation, planning, executing and controlling, and closing
Project Initiation
Problem definition, resource allocation, risk assessment
Project Planning
Organize activities, time estimation, cost estimation
Project Executing and Controlling Reports
Variance reports, Status reports, Resource Allocation reports
Scope Creep
Adding to the scope of the project; can impact the allocation of resources.
Unnecessary Requirements
Requirements that are not actually needed but are “nice to have”
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
A process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying information systems, including hardware and software
Common Steps in SDLC
Preliminary investigation, Analysis, Logical design, Physical design, Implementation, Maintenance
Preliminary investigation
Assesses the feasibility of the proposed project and selects a development methodology
Analysis
Determines the user requirements for the new system and develops logical models of the system
Logical design
Logical models are revised to ensure that the new system will meet the user requirements identified in the first step
Physical design
Logical models are converted into physical models
Implementation
Begin converting the models from the previous steps into the actual system; this step also includes installing hardware, testing the system, and training the end users
Maintenance
Modifications or corrections to the system are made
Alpha Testing
System developers assist end users as they interact with new system; simulated data is used
Beta Testing
Performed by the end user without any assistance from the system developers; live data in a real working environment is used.
User Acceptance Testing
Employed to assess whether the system does what the user expects and to ensure that it functions in a way that is useful to the user
System Deployment
- System Conversion
- Final Documentation
- End User Training
Direct Conversion
Old system is turned off and the new system is turned on at a specific data and time
Parallel Conversion
There is a period of time in which both systems are operating concurrently
Pilot Conversion
Involves starting the conversation with a portion of end users
Phased Conversion
Deploys a subset of the system first, rather than deploying the whole system at once
Business Continuity
The activity performed by an organization to ensure that critical business functions will be available to customer, suppliers, regulators, and other entities that must have access to those functions.
Image backups
Create a copy of everything that is on a hard drive
Full backup
Everything on the hard drive is copied each and every time a backup is performed
Incremental backup
An initial full backup is completed and then subsequent backups only capture the changes since the last backup
Data mirroring
The OS writes data (and changes to data) to multiple hard drives at the same time.
Off-Site Storage
A secure location for storing backup media
Hot Site
Physical location where an organization can move its operations that includes everything for normal business operations; quickest return to business but very expensive.
Cold Site
Physical location like a shell that can be used for operations should the need arise; not equipped with hardware, servers, etc.; cheaper to have
Site Sharing
Having multiple data centers located in disparate regions; typically used by large organizations.
The Internet of Things (IoT)
Refers to the myriad types of devices that can and will be connected to the Internet in the next few years.
Big Data
Refers to data sets that are so large and complex that they will require more advanced database management/processing tools.
SaaS
Software as a Service. Can access and use software through the Internet.
PaaS
Platform as a Service. Intention is to be able to quickly and reliably develop and deliver applications.
LaaS
Infrastructure as a Service. All resources an IT dept. needs are located outside of the organization and are accessible by anyone, anywhere.
Ethics
A code of moral conduct or a set of principles that govern behavior.
Administrator Ethics
Privacy, Ownership, Control, Accuracy, Security
What is the definition of information technology (IT)?
It is the technology used to create, maintain, and make information accessible.
Which IT position has the responsibility of working with routers and switches?
Network administrator.
In which generation were silicon chips first used in computers?
Third generation.
Which low-level language corresponds one-to-one with assembly?
Machine language
Which service allows users to use a software application installed on a remote server?
SaaS (Software as a Service)
What is one of IT’s roles in globalization?
It allows companies to reach a wider customer base.
Which category of computer has an external flat screen monitor, optical disk drive, and a large capacity hard drive?
Desktop
Which two software application packages would be classified as productivity software?
Word processor.
Spreadsheet program.
Which two computer peripherals are connected to the computer through a port?
External microphone.
USB flash drive.
Which term is defined as a collection of information used to support management of an organization?
Information System
A website logs the timestamp, location, and browser of every visitor. It then aggregates this content into peak traffic times and days, minimum and maximum hits for each country and region, and popularity of certain browsers among visitors.
What is the timestamp considered in this scenario?
Data
A departmental manager is creating a budget estimate for the upcoming year. The manager would like to determine whether the data will be available when the decisions for the next year have to be made.
Which characteristic of valuable data is the manager considering?
Timely
What are two parts of an information system?
Networks.
Databases.
What is the difference between processing and storage?
Processing involves temporary information, while storage involves permanent information.
What benefit is provided by a computer network in a business?
Costs for hardware resources are decreased
Virtual Machines
A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms
without the expense of purchasing multiple computers.
Peer-to-peer
Each computer is roughly equal to every other computer.
Client-server
One computer will request information from another computer, which responds with requested information.
Operating System
Allows the user to control the actions of the software, and through the software, to access hardware
Which action by application programs requires support from an operating system?
An Internet browser displays a web page.
What is true about the Linux operating system?
Linux runs on both servers and workstations.
The chief information officer wants to update the network server to improve Internet access while also blocking certain social media websites.
What type of server will meet this need?
Proxy server
Which characteristic identifies application software that is cloud-based?
Provided by third-party providers
What type of software permits free temporary use followed by long-term activation for a fee?
Shareware
What is the purpose of an End User License Agreement for a commercial software package?
Establishes the customer’s right to use the software
What is the difference between proprietary and open-source software license?
Proprietary software has a cost whereas open-source software is free.
What gives the author of a software package the ability to prevent unauthorized duplication for at least 35 years?
A copyright
What are the two components a part of a central processing unit (CPU)?
Control unit (CU).
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
An employee needs to edit a contract and prepare a hard copy for the project team.
Which two peripheral devices should be used?
Printer.
Monitor.
Which port is the HDMI port on the laptop?
Which motherboard component helps cool the CPU?
Heat Sink
Which item is a storage device?
Flash Drive
In which type of network topology is each networked device directly connected to every other networked device?
Mesh
Which communication medium is typically used when sending data transmissions over very long dinstances?
Radio Signals
What indicates a specific Internet location?
The IP address
Explain the role of a domain name system (DNS).
Translate human-redable aliases into IP addresses
Which part of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) identifies the location of a document on a server?
Resource Path ID
Which goal of Information Assirance and Security (IAS) requires that information is accessible when needed?
Availability
Which technique uses all possible combinations of letters and numbers to crack a password?
Brute force
Which is a type of two-factor authentication?
Smart card
Which is a characteristic of high-level languages?
They use object-oriented programs.
How does a compiler work?
It requires the components of the software to be defined from the onset.
On which tier of an N-Tier architecture model are user interfaces developed?
Presentation
Which component facilitates communication between the other two components in the MVC architecture model?
Controller
What statement is true concerning compiled and interpreted computer language?
A compiler translates an entire program into executable program, which can be run at a later time, while the interpreter does this incrementally.
Which two languages have traditionally been used for automation rather than software development?
TCL.
Python.
Which is true of databases and the applications that interact with them?
Applications are interdependent with the database.
What is another term for a formula that outlines how to execute a task?
Algorithm
What is the role of drivers in facilitating communication between applications and databases?
They allow the application to interact with the database.
Which SQL clause is used to inform the database management system (DBMS) which tables should be interrogated by the query?
FROM
Which data type is used to represent product order code that comprises alphanumeric characters?
String
Armando is a freelance graphic designer. He has decided to create a database of the artwork he has done throughout the years. Each of his pieces of art is sorted using an assigned name and number.
Which data type will be required in order to create his database?
String data
Why is it important to ensure that data support business goals?
To aid in making strategic decisions
In which category of the DIKW hierarchy would business intelligence be located?
Knowledge
Which field must contain a unique value in order for a relational database table to function?
Primary key
What are the three main categories of databases?
Flat file, relational, hierarchal
What is the database administrator’s role in security?
To institute protocols to protect the databases from external threats
What type of information processing allows input data to be accepted as a set of records and processed as a unit?
Batch
What is the purpose of an IT department?
It helps the organization achieve strategic goals.
What is a role of the systems administrator?
To install and maintain network resources
Which action would be important for the IT department to take in order to help their business meet the goal of increased expansion into new territories/regions?
Expanding the infrastructure to support additional locations
What step should be taken by a business when a third-party solution is found that will benefit a project?
Contact the group to arrange a demo of their product
Which risk assessment question is part of the Initiation Phase?
Could the end users reject the outcome of the project?
In what phase of a project does time estimation occur?
Planning
What effect does scope creep have on a project?
It impacts the allocation of resources for the project.
Which system requirement is an example of considering user needs in the design of an information system?
Allowing easy access to customer account information
Which type of systems testing includes having the customer test the system in an operational setting to see if it is useful?
User Acceptance
Which type of systems conversion involves starting the conversion with a portion of end users?
Pilot
What are two necessary elements of business continuity planning?
Assessing key organizational activities.
Identifying risks that may occur.
Which disaster recovery strategy is used to save information to multiple hard drives at the same time?
Data mirroring
Which action would support confidentiality?
Enabling file encryption
Which regulation governs the actions of a company in the case of data records being compromised, lost, or stolen?
Security Breach Notification laws
How can an organization assist employees with the ethical use of information technology?
By developing policies for information usage
Engages in best practices for information systems
Part of the role of an IT professional association
Writes laws dealing with information technology
Outside of the role of an IT professional association
Provides professional standards for ethical behavior
Part of the role of an IT professional association