What is sociology
the scientific study of social interactions and of social organizations
What is the functionalist perspective?
A system is to survive where certain essential tasks are performed.
What happens to a functionalist system?
If it fails to maintain it will perish.
What is a conflict perspective?
Conflict theorists focus their attention on society as a whole, studying its institutions and structural arrangements.
What is the interactionist perspective?
It is more concerned with the micro or small-scale aspects of social life
Why would you use conflict, interactionist and functionalist perspectives together?
By using all perspectives for full advantages.
What is socialization?
A process of social interaction by which people acquire knowledge, attitudes, values and behavior essential for effective participation in society.
What are agents of socialization?
Family, peers, school and mass media
What is the sociological theory?
A theory that emphasizes conditioning and observational theory
What is culture?
Refers to a social heritage of people learning patterns for thinking, feeling and acting from one generation to the next.
What is society?
Refer to a group of people within the same territory and share a common culture.
What does it mean to be culture in flux?
Culture groups adapt in dynamic and unpredictable ways
Whats a subculture?
Religious, racial, ethnic, occupational and age groups.
What is a counterculture?
Rejects many of the behavioral standards and guideposts that hold in the dominant culture.
What is ethnocentrism?
Judges the behavior of other groups by the standards of our own culture
What is a ‘status’
A position within a group or society
What is a ‘role’
A status carried with a set of culturally defined right and duties
What are social structures?
roles, statuses, groups and institutions.
What are family structures?
A way in which we define the family determines the kinds of family we consider to be normal or deviant.
What would be considered challenges to a family?
Incest, family violence and child abuse.
Define government
Political process that have to do with authoritative formulating of rules and policies.
What is totalitarianism
Government takes control of all part of the society and all aspects of social life.
What is authoritarianism
A political system in which government tolerates little or no opposition to its rule but permits nongovernmental center of influence
What is democracy
A political system in which the powers of government derive from the consent of the people.
What is a socialist economy?
Government directly controls the economy
What is a capitalist economy?
Government oversees and sets parameters for the economy
What is a political system?
Political parties, interest group and mass media
What is a political party?
organization designed to gain control of the government by putting its people in public office
What is an interest group?
organization of people who share common concerns or points of view
What is the mass media
Newspapers, tv, magazines, radio and motion pictures.
What is religion
Socially shared and organized ways of thinking, feeling and acting that concern ultimate meanings and assume the existence of the supernatural or “beyond” often involved practices related to sacred things.
What does education do
Transmission of particular attitudes, knowledge and skills to the members of a society through formal and systematic training.
What is health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and absence of disease or infirmity
What is social stratification
A structured ranking of individuals and groups’ their grading into hierarchical layer or status
Who makes up the poverty in the US?
Children and elderly account for nearly half of all Americans living in poverty
what is the culture of poverty
A view that the poor possess self-perpetuating life ways characterized by weak ego structures, lack of impulse control, a present time orientation and a sense of resignation and fatalism
What is social mobility?
A process in which individuals or groups more from one level to another in the stratification system
What is race?
a group of people who see themselves and are seen by others as having hereditary traits that set them apart
What defines a minority group
racial and ethnic of groups are often minority groups. minority groups lack power
What is collective behavior
Not organized in terms of being established norms and institutionalized lines of action
What are the types social movements
Ideology, revolutionary, reform, resistance and expressive movements
What is a social movement by definition
People influence the course of human events through formal organizations.
What is the scientific method of sociology
a systematic approach to researching questions and problems through objective and accurate observation, collection and analysis of data, direct experimentation
What is the interpretivist research method
carefully analyze each question and claim
What is a quantitative research method
including discussion of surveys, pre/post designs, pre-existing data, pilot studies, and experiments as well as examples
What is qualitative research method
method that includes market research, business, and service demonstrations by non-profits.
Émile Durkheim’s explanation of suicide was scientific because he
Select one:
a. developed conclusions based on a systematic examination of data.
b. carefully studied the personalities of hundreds of suicide victims.
c. worked in a university setting.
d. divided suicide into four distinctive categories.
A; developed conclusions based on a systematic examination of data
Which of the following academic disciplines emphasizes the influence that society has on people’s attitudes and behavior and the ways in which people shape society?
Select one:
a. Anthropology
b. Economics
c. Sociology
d. Physics
C: Sociology
The word(s) that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people’s emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes was
Select one:
a. verstehen.
b. cultural capital.
c. anomie.
d. social capital.
Which sociological approach focuses on the macro level and would tend to view inequality in gender as central to behavior and organization?
Select one:
a. functionalist perspective
b. conflict perspective
c. interactionist perspective
d. feminist perspective
D: Feminist Perspective
Trying to understand why your roommate prefers a certain genre of music, over others, is an example of using one’s
Select one:
a. cultural capital.
b. conflict perspective.
c. double consciousness.
d. sociological imagination.
D: sociological Imagination
How institutions, such as the government, may help to maintain the privileges of some groups is a topic of interest for
Select one:
a. globalization theorists.
b. conflict theorists.
c. interactionist theorists.
d. functionalist theorists.
B: conflict theorists
Which sociologist saw society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which helps to maintain the system as a whole?
Select one:
a. Karl Marx
b. Erving Goffman
c. Max Weber
d. Talcott Parsons
__ stresses the study of small groups and often uses experimental study in laboratories.
Select one:
a. Microsociology
b. Macrosociology
c. Middle-range sociology
d. Conflict theory
A: Microsociology
The division of an individual’s identity into two or more social realities is referred to as
Select one:
a. racial fetishism.
b. double rejection.
c. bipolar racism.
d. double consciousness.
D. double consciousness
Which social science would be interested in studying individual cases of emotional stress among workers, investors, and business owners?
Select one:
a. History
b. Economics
c. Sociology
d. Psychology
A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as
Select one:
a. observation research.
b. a survey.
c. secondary analysis.
d. an experiment.
B: survey
Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use
Select one:
a. questionnaires and interviews.
b. participant observation.
c. publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another.
d. control groups.
C: Publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another
To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as
Select one:
a. a secondary analysis.
b. participant observation.
c. a survey.
d. a content analysis.
After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process?
Select one:
a. Define the problem.
b. Generate ideas for future research.
c. Formulate a hypothesis.
d. Choose a research design.
Feedback
correct
The statement “Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies” is an example of
Select one:
a. an operational definition.
b. a hypothesis.
c. a research design.
d. an independent variable.
Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be
Select one:
a. more valid than other forms of research.
b. more reliable than other forms of research.
c. a nonreactive form of research.
d. an outdated mode of research.
Feedback
correct
C: A nonreactive form of research
When generalizing about both heterosexuals and homosexuals, researchers must be extremely careful with which of the following?
Select one:
a. operational definitions
b. internal validity
c. privacy of the respondent
d. wording questions
D: wording questions
Which sociologist argued that sociological research should be open to bringing about social change and to drawing on relevant research by nonsociologists?
Select one:
a. Jane Poulson
b. Joyce Ladner
c. Shulamit Reinharz
d. Karen Barkey
Adler and Adler’s work on self-injury reflects which of the three major sociological approaches?
Select one:
a. global, functionalist, and interactionist perspectives
b. conflict, interactionist, and global perspectives
c. interactionist, global, and feminist perspectives
d. functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives
D: functionalist, conflict and interactionist perspectives
In examining any aspect of society, which sociological perspective emphasizes the contribution that aspect makes to overall social stability?
Select one:
a. functionalist perspective
b. conflict perspective
c. interactionist perspective
d. global perspective
a. functionalist perspective
Inequality, capitalism, and stratification are key concepts of which theoretical perspective?
Select one:
a. functionalist perspective
b. conflict perspective
c. interactionist perspective
d. global perspective
B: conflict perspective
Which sociologist is widely regarded as the founder of the interactionist perspective?
Select one:
a. C. Wright Mills
b. George Herbert Mead
c. Charles Horton Cooley
d. Erving Goffman
b. George Herbert Mead
The state of Ohio has a dwindling population. In an effort to increase the birthrate in the state, it offers a $5,000 bonus to all families giving birth in the state for the next three years. Which of the following is the latent function?
Select one:
a. an increase in the birth rate for the state of Ohio
b. an increase in the population in the state of Ohio
c. an increase in the need for teachers as a result of more children in the Ohio educational system
d. an increase in the state’s budget deficit due to the number of bonuses distributed to families
c. an increase in the need for teachers as a result of more children in the Ohio educational system
An element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability is known as a
Select one:
a. latent function.
b. manifest function.
c. dysfunction.
d. conflict function.
__ embraces the study of formal organizations and social movements.
Select one:
a. Global sociology
b. Microsociology
c. Macrosociology
d. Mesosociology
d. Mesosociology
Which sociological perspective would highlight the reluctance among professional athletes to display any sexual identity other than heterosexuality in public?
Select one:
a. interactionist perspective
b. queer theory
c. feminist perspective
d. functionalist perspective
b. queer theory
Cost-efficiency is an advantage associated with which of the following research designs?
Select one:
a. survey
b. ethnography
c. experiment
d. existing sources
The statement “Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies” is an example of
Select one:
a. an operational definition.
b. a hypothesis.
c. a research design.
d. an independent variable.
b. a hypothesis.
A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an example of developing a(n)
Select one:
a. research design.
b. operational definition.
c. hypothesis.
d. theory.
b. operational definition.
The relationship between a condition or a variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other, is known as
Select one:
a. observation.
b. causal logic.
c. a correlation.
d. an index.
b. causal logic.
A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a
Select one:
a. correlation.
b. hypothesis.
c. sample.
d. research design.
b. hypothesis.
Which one of the following statements is true regarding the subjects of Adler and Adler’s study of self-injurers?
Select one:
a. Most begin injuring in secret.
b. They are a homogeneous group.
c. Their behavior is carefully planned.
d. Most were driven to it by major stresses in their lives.
c. Their behavior is carefully planned.
An operational definition is
Select one:
a. a speculative statement about the relationship between two variables.
b. the extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
c. an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept.
d. a relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other.
c. an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept.
Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of
Select one:
a. indexes.
b. scales.
c. variables.
d. operational definitions.
C: variables
The statement “Eating fewer fats and carbohydrates will lead to weight loss” is an example of
Select one:
a. causal logic.
b. a dependent variable.
c. an independent variable.
d. a cross-tabulation.
a. causal logic.
A study is being done on the effects of a new antibiotic on cognitive ability. In this scenario, the antibiotic is considered to be the
Select one:
a. experimental group.
b. control group.
c. independent variable.
d. dependent variable.
c. independent variable.
According to a May 2017 national survey, which of the following racial/ethnic groups considers health care to be one of the most important issues facing the nation?
Select one:
a. African Americans
b. Asian Americans
c. Latino(a)s
d. Native Americans
b. Asian Americans
In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women into certain occupations?
Select one:
a. Functionalist perspective
b. Conflict perspective
c. Interactionist perspective
d. Feminist perspective
d. Feminist perspective
Invention is the
Select one:
a. combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist.
b. process of introducing new elements into a culture.
c. process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality.
d. process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society.
a. combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist.
A member of a rural Indian tribe in Central America who moves to a large city, such as Mexico City, will probably experience
Select one:
a. cultural relativity.
b. cultural diffusion.
c. culture shock.
d. cultural integration.
c. culture shock.
Penalties and rewards for conduct relating to a social norm are known as
Select one:
a. folkways.
b. mores.
c. values.
d. sanctions.
d. sanctions.
The employees of Indian call centers can be considered __.
Select one:
a. a subculture
b. a counterculture
c. a dominant culture
d. a material culture
a. a subculture
In his research, George Murdock determined which of the following to be a cultural universal?
Select one:
a. War
b. Astronomy
c. Funeral ceremonies
d. Mathematics
c. Funeral ceremonies
A subculture is
Select one:
a. a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger group.
b. a large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture.
c. the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior.
d. a specialized language that is used by members of a group.
a. a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger group
Norms that are generally understood but not precisely recorded are known as
Select one:
a. mores.
b. sanctions.
c. informal norms.
d. formal norms.
c. informal norms.
A society
Select one:
a. is a dependent group that owes allegiance to a larger group.
b. is the largest form of human group.
c. contains several different cultures.
d. contains one subculture and many cultures.
b. is the largest form of human group.
A teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class. As part of the preparation, the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater. This is an example of
Select one:
a. the dramaturgical approach.
b. social promotion.
c. socialization.
d. role taking.
c. socialization.
Areas where older Americans congregate and that gradually become informal centers for senior citizens are known as
Select one:
a. retirement communities.
b. naturally occurring retirement communities.
c. nursing homes.
d. assisted living communities.
b. naturally occurring retirement communities.
According to the concept of the looking-glass self, development of one’s self-identity based on misperceptions may lead to
Select one:
a. an increase in self-esteem.
b. the sensorimotor stage of development.
c. destruction of the looking-glass self.
d. a negative self-identity.
a. an increase in self-esteem.
A retirement party, a high-school graduation party, and a confirmation party are all examples of
Select one:
a. role taking.
b. impression management.
c. rites of passage.
d. face-work.
c. rites of passage.
Which of the following statements about rites of passage is true?
Select one:
a. The quinceañera ceremony among Hispanic girls is considered a rite of passage.
b. All segments of American society celebrate the arrival of adulthood with the same rites of passage.
c. People in all societies experience adolescence between the ages of 15 and 17.
d. All of these answers are correct.
a. The quinceañera ceremony among Hispanic girls is considered a rite of passage.
Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint?
Select one:
a. Erving Goffman
b. George Herbert Mead
c. Alvin Gouldner
d. William F. Ogburn
b. George Herbert Mead
By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of
Select one:
a. employment based on technical qualifications.
b. hierarchy of authority.
c. division of labor.
d. written rules and regulations.
c. division of labor.
An ascribed status is a social position
Select one:
a. attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
b. “assigned” to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics.
c. that is earned.
d. that is reached as a result of negotiation.
b. “assigned” to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics.
The untested hypothesis that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence is referred to as
Select one:
a. goal displacement.
b. the Peter principle.
c. trained incapacity.
d. bureaucracy.
b. the Peter principle.
A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated is called a(n)
Select one:
a. coalition.
b. ideal type.
c. metaphor.
d. questionnaire.
b. ideal type.
Which term is used to refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding?
Select one:
a. primary group
b. secondary group
c. tertiary group
d. reference group
b. secondary group
The process by which a relatively small number of people control what eventually reaches the audience is referred to as
Select one:
a. the dominant ideology.
b. gatekeeping.
c. the surveillance function.
d. the narcotizing dysfunction.
b. gatekeeping.
The inclusion of local news on 24-hour cable news channels contributed to the growth of __ media.
Select one:
a. around-the-clock
b. community-centered
c. local-centric
d. hyper-local
In an effort to better understand and combat a malaria outbreak in Kenya, public health researchers monitored the content of __ to map the spread of the disease.
Select one:
a. television reports
b. text messages
c. emails
d. health surveys
b. text messages
Worldwide, low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries have far less access than others to the latest technologies. This gap is referred to as the
Select one:
a. digital enclosure.
b. digital world.
c. digital dam.
d. digital divide.
d. digital divide.
Which of the sociological perspectives would more than likely take a positive view of the Internet, pointing to its manifest ability to facilitate communication?
Select one:
a. functionalist perspective
b. global perspective
c. interactionist perspective
d. conflict perspective
a. functionalist perspective
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Which sociological perspective would likely contend that the role of the mass media is to provide socialization, enforce social norms through public events, and create social stability and cohesion through collective experiences?
Select one:
a. functionalist perspective
b. conflict perspective
c. interactionist perspective
d. feminist perspective
a. functionalist perspective
Monica, a new student at Valley High School, becomes friends with a group of teenagers who use marijuana and remain seated during the singing of the national anthem. Although Monica had never used marijuana and used to sing the anthem, she begins to engage in the same behavior as her new friends. This is an example of
Select one:
a. differential association and anomie.
b. conformity and labeling.
c. labeling and social disorganization.
d. differential association and conformity.
d. differential association and conformity.
Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive’s arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a(n)
Select one:
a. norm.
b. folkway.
c. formal sanction.
d. informal sanction.
d. informal sanction.
In which of the following would anomie be felt to its greatest effect?
Select one:
a. A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
b. An individual takes a shortcut to school and gets lost.
c. A woman wins a lottery and gives a considerable amount of her winnings to several charities that are important to her.
d. A teen leaves her job at the end of summer when school resumes.
a. A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
The term ethnic succession, as used by Daniel Bell, refers to
Select one:
a. the migration of immigrant groups into communities previously occupied by other immigrant groups.
b. the process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to another.
c. the process during which the membership of law enforcement agencies is passed from one ethnic group to another.
d. the migration of immigrant groups to suburbia.
b. the process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to another.
What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily business activities?
Select one:
a. professional crime
b. organized crime
c. index crime
d. white-collar crime
d. white-collar crime
An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn’t have the money or the means of earning the money needed to buy it. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, and he steals one from a local store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance?
Select one:
a. conflict theory
b. labeling theory
c. anomie theory of deviance
d. cultural transmission theory
c. anomie theory of deviance
The owner of a major league baseball team can fire employees for not winning a pennant, have the city build him a new ballpark, and prevent organizations that compete against his own team from airing advertisements during the team’s televised games. In Max Weber’s view, this owner would most likely be considered as having
Select one:
a. power.
b. class.
c. esteem.
d. status.
a. power.
Which of the following statements about slavery is true?
Select one:
a. It is considered the most extreme form of social inequality.
b. The only recorded examples of slavery occurred in the U.S. and in ancient Greece.
c. Slavery was considered a permanent status in ancient Greece.
d. Slavery in the U.S. was considered an achieved status.
a. It is considered the most extreme form of social inequality.
A system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection is known as a(n)
Select one:
a. estate system.
b. slavery system.
c. caste system.
d. peonage system.
a. estate system.
Which of the following refers to a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole?
Select one:
a. absolute poverty
b. elementary poverty
c. relative poverty
d. dramatic poverty
c. relative poverty
In Karl Marx’s view, a worker who identifies with the wealthy and believes that she can achieve great wealth through hard work is likely to have developed a
Select one:
a. bourgeoisie consciousness.
b. class consciousness.
c. false consciousness.
d. caste consciousness.
c. false consciousness.
Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality?
Select one:
a. functionalist perspective
b. conflict perspective
c. interactionist perspective
d. feminist perspective
b. conflict perspective
Becky has a toy vacuum. She often pushes it around the living room. Becky is in the
Select one:
a. preparatory stage.
b. game stage.
c. play stage.
d. concrete operational stage.
Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occurred when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely because of the structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in a(n)
Select one:
a. open stratification system.
b. closed stratification system.
c. egalitarian class system.
d. fractured class system.
b. closed stratification system.
Gerhard Lenski argues that social inequality may have once served the overall purposes of society, but the degree of social and economic inequality that now exists far exceeds the need to provide for goods and services. This facet of Lenski’s analysis is consistent with which perspective?
Select one:
a. functionalist perspective
b. conflict perspective
c. interactionist perspective
d. global perspective
b. conflict perspective
Max Weber defined __ as the ability to exercise one’s will over others.
Select one:
a. control
b. status
c. class
d. power
d. power
Prestige refers to the
Select one:
a. reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation.
b. ability to exercise one’s will over others.
c. respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
d. people who have similar levels of wealth and income.
c. respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
A woman who was born and raised in a poor family becomes a regional supervisor for the U.S. Postal Service. She has experienced
Select one:
a. structural mobility.
b. horizontal mobility.
c. upward intergenerational mobility.
d. institutional mobility.
c. upward intergenerational mobility.
Some sociologists have suggested that in the southern U.S. in the pre-civil rights era, an African American individual was born into a status that would always be subordinate to the status of all of the White members of the community. This is an example of a(n)
Select one:
a. estate system.
b. class system.
c. caste system.
d. feudal system.
c. caste system.
Which of the following is an example of a widely used agent of socialization amongst teenagers?
Select one:
a. Internet
b. radio
c. motion pictures
d. television
a. Internet
Debbie attends her first day of school, and when she returns home, she “plays school” with her younger brother. As part of this play activity, Debbie duplicates all of the behaviors that were performed by her teacher during the day. According to George Herbert Mead, Debbie is in which stage of development?
Select one:
a. the preparatory stage
b. the imitative stage
c. the play stage
d. the game stage
Harry Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys indicated that
Select one:
a. early childhood deprivation could always be reversed with intense resocialization.
b. social isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys.
c. there was no comparison between the development of the monkeys and human development.
d. midlife deprivation was more serious than early childhood deprivation.
b. social isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys.
Which conflict theorists suggest that schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments that can cause children to feel stupid and unsuccessful?
Select one:
a. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
b. Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
c. Friedrich Engels and Thomas Mann
d. Daniel Albas and Cheryl Albas
b. Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
Which of the following statements regarding parental monitoring of the digital world is true?
Select one:
a. Parents profess that they have a large amount of knowledge pertaining to their children’s online behavior.
b. Mothers are more likely to monitor online activity than are fathers.
c. Parents who have higher incomes tend to discuss online activity more than those with lower incomes.
d. All parents know their children’s passwords for e-mail and cell phones.
b. Mothers are more likely to monitor online activity than are fathers.
Jan, Randy, and Terry are science majors, and when they graduate from college, they find jobs as a nurse, a midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions are examples of
Select one:
a. statuses.
b. social roles.
c. groups.
d. social networks.
a. statuses.
A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their careers. They give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend their sessions to provide further assistance. This group is an example of
Select one:
a. role connection.
b. impression management.
c. status assistance.
d. social networking.
d. social networking.
Bureaucratization is
Select one:
a. an element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability.
b. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
c. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
d. the process through which an organization identifies an entirely new objective because its traditional goals have been either realized or denied.
c. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
In the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, members are engaged primarily in food production. They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the plow. This type of society is called a(n)
Select one:
a. hunting-and-gathering society.
b. agrarian society.
c. horticultural society.
d. postmodern society.
b. agrarian society.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary group?
Select one:
a. They are generally small.
b. Relationships are generally superficial.
c. The dynamic is cooperative and friendly.
d. The interaction is intimate and usually a face-to-face association.
b. Relationships are generally superficial.
Which of the following is likely to be a primary group?
Select one:
a. all of the players in the National Hockey League
b. the American Civil Liberties Union
c. the members of a neighborhood softball team
d. all American citizens
c. the members of a neighborhood softball team
The “iron law of oligarchy” is a principle
Select one:
a. of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals.
b. under which organizations are established on the basis of common interests.
c. of organizational life according to which each individual in a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.
d. under which organizations are created to maximize efficiency and effectiveness.
a. of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals.
Sociology is considered a science because sociologists
Select one:
a. teach at respected universities.
b. engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding.
c. receive government funding for research projects.
d. construct middle-range theories to explain social behavior.
b. engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding.
Which sociological perspective would view sports as serving as a safety valve for both participants and spectators, allowing them to shed tension and aggressive energy in a socially acceptable way?
Select one:
a. functionalist perspective
b. conflict perspective
c. interactionist perspective
d. feminist perspective
a. functionalist perspective
Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the 20th century the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to
Select one:
a. theorizing and gathering information.
b. a de-emphasis on the scientific method.
c. applied sociology.
d. advocacy of civil rights for minorities.
a. theorizing and gathering information.
The view that laws are set up to assist those who are in positions of power is most consistent with the
Select one:
a. functionalist perspective.
b. conflict perspective.
c. interactionist perspective.
d. feminist perspective.
b. conflict perspective.
A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of
Select one:
a. conflict theory.
b. functionalism.
c. macrosociology.
d. microsociology.
d. microsociology.
An unconscious or unintended function that may reflect hidden purposes of an institution is referred to as
Select one:
a. manifest.
b. conflict.
c. dysfunction.
d. latent.
d. latent.
Which of the following was identified as one of the initial challenges that a participant observer may face when conducting an ethnography?
Select one:
a. receiving adequate resources, such as funding
b. gaining acceptance into the unfamiliar group
c. identifying a group to observe
d. acquiring the necessary approvals to conduct the research
b. gaining acceptance into the unfamiliar group
A sociologist sets up an experiment on the effects of energy drinks on sleep. The individuals who are given a placebo drink are considered to be the
Select one:
a. independent variable.
b. control group.
c. experimental group.
d. dependent variable.
b. control group.
Which of the following relationships best shows causal logic?
Select one:
a. The time spent reviewing for a test may be directly related to, or produce a greater likelihood of getting a high score.
b. Being less integrated into society may be directly related to, or produce a lower likelihood of, suicide.
c. The time spent tending to one’s vegetable garden may be directly related to, or produce a greater likelihood of overgrowth.
d. Being more involved in extracurricular activities may be directly related to, or produce a lower likelihood of, college admission
An operational definition is
Select one:
a. a speculative statement about the relationship between two variables.
b. the extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
c. an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept.
d. a relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other.
c. an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept.
We have little reliable data on human sexuality because
Select one:
a. it is difficult for researchers to even broach the subject.
b. until the AIDS crisis, there was little scientific demand for data on sexual behavior.
c. government funding for studies of sexual behavior is easily accessible, but not many want to ask for it.
d. there has been an increase in the use of inaccurate data over the last decade.
b. until the AIDS crisis, there was little scientific demand for data on sexual behavior.
The use of photographic and video documentation in sociological study is known as
Select one:
a. iconography.
b. visual sociology.
c. secondary sociology.
d. image analysis.
b. visual sociology.
Psychologist Shalom Schwartz researched values in more than 60 countries and found which of the following values widely shared?
Select one:
a. Benevolence
b. Holding grudges
c. Disloyalty
d. Power
a. Benevolence
Informal norms are __.
Select one:
a. norms governing everyday social behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern
b. deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society
c. made by a government for a society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the power of the state
d. None of these answers is correct.
__ consists of all objects and ideas within a society.
Select one:
a. Argot
b. Culture
c. Folkways
d. Inventions
b. Culture
The use of the terms “g-man,” “honey boat,” and “airmail” by sanitation workers in New York is an example of
Select one:
a. an argot.
b. a taboo.
c. linguistics.
d. nonverbal language.
a. an argot.
Beth, who has lived all her life in an affluent neighborhood in New York City, travels to Africa and is introduced to living in a dirt-floored hut while she works digging canals for a service trip. It is safe to say she is experiencing
Select one:
a. cultural relativity.
b. cultural diffusion.
c. culture shock.
d. cultural integration.
c. culture shock.
Norms that are generally understood but not precisely recorded are known as
Select one:
a. mores.
b. sanctions.
c. informal norms.
d. formal norms.
c. informal norms.
Which sociological perspective argues that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media?
Select one:
a. Functionalist perspective
b. Conflict perspective
c. Interactionist perspective
d. Global perspective
b. Conflict perspective
Magazines would be considered
Select one:
a. transmitters.
b. opinion leaders.
c. mass media.
d. narcotizers.
c. mass media.
Which of the following statements is true?
Select one:
a. The narcotizing dysfunction of the media was identified in the 1980s after the deluge of cable news programming.
b. Massive amounts of information tend to excite audiences.
c. The numbing effect of the narcotizing dysfunction may prevent people from taking action in response to compelling issues.
d. The term narcotizing dysfunction was created by feminist scholars.
Even if the audience for a certain form of mass media is spread out over a wide geographic area and the members do not know one another, they will be somewhat distinctive in terms of
Select one:
a. general interest.
b. age, gender, income, political party, formal schooling, and race and ethnicity.
c. the size of the grouping.
d. None of these answers is correct.
b. age, gender, income, political party, formal schooling, and race and ethnicity.
Realistic portrayals of minorities and working-class persons tend to be ignored by mass media decision-makers primarily because
Select one:
a. viewers only enjoy fantasizing about being rich and powerful.
b. most decisions are driven by Nielsen ratings.
c. most decisions are made overwhelmingly by wealthy White males.
d. minorities and working-class people feel ashamed of their social position.
c. most decisions are made overwhelmingly by wealthy White males.
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on gatekeeping as a process that reflects a desire to maximize profits by those with power and authority?
Select one:
a. functionalist perspective
b. conflict perspective
c. interactionist perspective
d. global perspective
b. conflict perspective
Arnold gets an “A” on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the “class brain” who is sitting next to him. According to Merton’s anomie theory of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a(n)
Select one:
a. ritualist.
b. retreatist.
c. rebel.
d. innovator.
d. innovator.
Which of the following is true of deviance?
Select one:
a. Deviance is objective and set in stone.
b. Deviance is subject to social definition within a particular society and time.
c. Individuals with the lowest status and power define what is acceptable and what is deviant.
d. The definition of acceptable behavior does not evolve.
b. Deviance is subject to social definition within a particular society and time.
Clyde is imprisoned for “tagging,” or “visual terrorism.” The arrest is an example of a(n)
Select one:
a. formal sanction.
b. value.
c. informal sanction.
d. norm.
a. formal sanction.
Which of the following is a criticism of social disorganization theory?
Select one:
a. too much focus on larger forces
b. seems to “blame the victim”
c. that there are no viable organizations
d. that troubled areas are hopeless
b. seems to “blame the victim”
he societal-reaction approach is also known as
Select one:
a. the human relations approach.
b. the anomie theory of deviance.
c. labeling theory.
d. the dramaturgical approach.
c. labeling theory.
A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee’s action is an example of
Select one:
a. formal social control.
b. informal social control.
c. neutralization.
d. enforcement of regulatory law.
a. formal social control.