ATI Critical Thinking For ATI Proctored Exam: Latest Solution/ Guaranteed A+

describe critical thinking in nursing
CT is an active, orderly, well thought-out reasoning process that guides a nurse in various approaches to making a nursing judgement. (use knowledge, experience, problem-solving, logic, reasoning and decision making.)

name the components of critical thinking
knowledge, experience, critical thinking competencies, attitudes, and intellectual and professional standards.

Critical thinking evolves through 3 levels. Name the 3 levels
Basic
Complex
Commitment

Reflection
purposefully thinking back or recalling a situation to discover its meaning and gain insight into the event.

Language’s role in CT
Clear, concise language demonstrates focused thinking and communicating unambiguous messages and expectations.

Intuition
Inner sensing that something is so
Intuition should spark the nurse to search the data to confirm or disprove the feeling.

Basic CT
Trust the experts
Results from limited knowledge and experience and inadequate CT experience.

Complex CT
Beginning to express autonomy by analyzing and examining data
Results from an increase in nursing knowledge, experience, intuition, and more flexible attitudes.

Commitment CT
the nurse expects to make choices without the help from others and fully assumes responsibility for those choices.
Results from expert level of knowledge, experience, developed intuition and reflective, flexible attitudes.

Knowledge component of CT
info specific for nursing
Basic nursing education
Continuing Education
Advanced degrees and certifications

Experience component of CT
Decision-making ability derived from opportunities to observe, sense, and interact with clients followed by active reflection.
Understand clinical situations
Recognizes and analyze cues for relevance
Incorporates experience into intuition

Competence component of CT
Cognitive processes a nurse uses to make nursing judgements.

Name CT Skills used in Assessment/Data Collection
Observe
Use correct technique
Differentiate between relevant and irrelevant data
Organize, validate, categorize data
Interpret assessment data and draw a conclusion
Purpose-identify needs and identify additional data to collect based on findings.

CT Skills used in Analysis/Data Collection (Diagnose)
Identify clusters and cues
Detect inferences
Recognize an actual or potential problem or risk
Avoid making judgements
Purpose-interpret collected data and diagnose and provide direction for nursing care.

CT Skills used in Planning
Identify goals and outcomes
Set Priorities
Determine Appropriate strategies and interventions for plan of care and teaching
take knowledge and apply it to more than one situation.
Create Outcome criteria
Theorize
Consider the consequences of implementation
Purpose – Establish priorities and outcomes of care to measure and evaluate. Then, select nursing interventions to inc. in plan of care.

CT skills used in Implementation
Use Knowledge base.
Use appropriate skills/teaching strategies
Test theories
Delegate and supervise nursing care
Communicate appropriately in response to a situation
Purpose – Provide care based on assessment data, analysis, and the plan of care.

CT skills used in Evaluation
Determine accuracy of theories
Evaluate outcomes based on scientific criteria
Determine understanding of teaching
Purpose-Examine a clients response to nursing interventions and form a clinical judgement about meeting goals and outcomes.

CT Attitudes
Confidence
Independence
Fairness
Responsibility
Risk Taking
Discipline
Perseverance
Creativity
Curiosity
Integrity
Humility

Confidence
Feels sure of abilities

Independence
Analyzes ideas for logical reasonin

Fairness
Is objective, nonjudgemental

Responsibility
Adheres to standards of practice

Risk Taking
Takes calculated chances in finding better solutions to problems.

Discipline
Develops a systematic approach to thinking

Perseverance
Continues to work at a problem until there’s a resolution

Creativity
Uses imagination to find solutions to unique client problems.

Curiosity
Requires more information about clients and problems

Integrity
Practices truthfully and ethically

Humility
Acknowledges weaknesses.

Standards
Model for comparing care to determine acceptability, excellence, and appropriateness.

Intellectual Standards
ensure the thorough application of CT.

Professional Standards
Nursing judgement based on ethical criteria
Evaluation that relies on EBP
Demonstration of professional responsibility

Diagnostic Reasoning
process of using the data you gather, forming inferences, and then logically explaining a clinical judgement.
Series of clinical judgements that result in informal or formal diagnoses.

Clinical Decision Making
End point of critical thinking that leads to problem resolution.
Selecting appropriate treatment after forming diagnostic conclusions.
Choosing the options for the best pt outcomes.

scientific method
Foundation for research.
Process that moves from observable facts from an experience to a reasonable explanation of those facts.

Overall Critical Thinking Skills
Interpretation
Analysis
Inference
Evaluation
Explanation
Self-Regulation

Inference
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

interpretation
to understand, comprehend, identify problems, clarify, decipher and decode.

analysis
To examine ideas, analyze arguments, make comparisons, and categorize, organize and prioritize.

Evaluation
To assess the credibility, significance,and relevance of information necessary to support the conclusions; and to asses the information for biases, stereotypes, cliches or inappropriateness.

Self-regulation
to monitor, reflect, question and adjust ones own thinking processes as appropriate.

Interpretation questions:
-Comprehend the information
-Explain the meaning of a statement

Interpretation question 1:

A company’s policy states that employees may take two weeks vacation after they have reached their seventh anniversary with the company. This means that:

a. employees must work for the company at least seven years before they may take two weeks vacation

b. employees who have works for the company at least 7 years take two weeks vacation

c. if the employee take two weeks vacation, they have worked for the company for 7 years

d. all employees take 2 weeks vacation after working for the company7 years.

Correct: A

b is incorrect because it some may not want to

c is incorrect because they may worked longer than 7

d is incorrect because they may want to

interpretation question 2:

Consider the statement: If it is made of glass, it may break. Which statement provides the best interpretation?

a. If it does not break it is not glass.

b. Nothing breaks except glass

c. If it breaks, it is glass.

d. Glass can break.

correct answer is d.

a is incorrect because many things that do not break are not glass

b is incorrect because things do break that are not glass

c is incorrect because many things break that are not glass.

Analysis questions are looking for

anaylaze the pattern, sequence or relationship within the example.
-make comparison
-identify the best comparative relationship

Analysis question 1: Consider the following to determine which is the same as roses are red.

a. tree trunks are brown

b. carnations are white

c. bananas are yellow

d. leaves are green

Correct answer is b.

a is incorrect because a tree is not a flower.

c is incorrect because a fruit is not a flower

d is incorrect because a leaf is not a flower.

Analysis question 2: Consider the following. Which is the logical match? If B3E2H1, then:

a. A9D8G7

b. C1E2G3

c. A4E3H2

d. B7F6C4

Correct answer is a. BECAUSE the alphabet pattern is every 3rd letter and numbers decrease by 1.

b,c,d are incorrect because they don’t follow the pattern

Evaluation questions are asking for you to:
-Asses the credibility of the information source.
-prioritize from best to least
-select the best source of information from several options
-identify possible bias.

Evaluation question 1: You are given a prescription for a new drug to treat a long-standing health problem. How can you best determine the side effects that may be produced by this drug?

a. Take the drug until the side effects occur

b. Ask the physician who prescribed the drug

c. Consult another person who has taken the drug.

d. Read research studies related to the drug in question.

d is the correct answer

a is incorrect because side effects may or may not occur

b is incorrect because they may not be aware of all the side effects

c is incorrect because you aren’t the same as someone else

Evaluation Question 2: A politician states “scientists argue that global warming is occurring. They cite evidence regarding an upward trend in nighttime temps throughout the USA. However, I know that winters in the Midwest have been colder than normal over the past 2 years. Therefore, I say, global warming is not occurring.” The best evaluation of the politicians conclusion is that it:

a. proves there is a relationship between Midwest winters and global warming.

b. considers the importance of two successive cold winters in the Midwest

c. does not consider the relationship between global warming and the Midwest

d. does not consider scientific evidence about nighttime warming trends.

D is the correct answer.

a- no relationship between midwest winters and global warming has been proven

b/c-only Midwest is considered

Inference questions are looking for:

-draw accurate conclusions based on the data
-differentiate between conclusions that are logical and those are probable or possible

Inference question 1: A boy and girl are students. The night before every test, they both study and eat pizza. Which statement is true?

a. If the boy is studying, the girl is eating pizza.

b. If the boy eats pizza, there is a test the next day.

c. If the girl does not study, there is no test the next day.

d. If the girl eats pizza and the boy studies, there is a test the next day

c is the correct response.

a is incorrect because the boy studying does not infer that there is a test the next day

b is incorrect because the boy eating pizza does not infer that there is a test the next day

d is incorrect because the combo by both may not be occurring because their is a test the next day

Inference question 2: A woman concludes, “it is Saturday; therefore, children will be watching cartoons on the television.” Which of the following statements best describe the conclusion of the woman?

a. Good. Cartoons are the only shows available for children to watch on Saturday.

b. Good. Children watch cartoons on television because it is Saturday.

c. Faulty. Cartoons are the only shows children want to watch on Saturday.

d. Faulty. Children may wish to do something other than watch television.

d is the correct answer.

a is incorrect because other shows are available

b is incorrect because the day is not the reasoning of why they want to watch it

c is incorrect because they may want to watch other shows.

Explanation questions are looking for what from you

justify reasoning or conclusion in terms of context and evidnce
-draw conclustions
-make a decision based on facts

explanation question 1: A teacher believes strongly that students should not receive extra credit for written assignments, regardless of how well they are written. However, she gave extra credit to a student who had been ill, but turned in an extraordinary paper. How can this contradiction be best explained? The teacher:

a. felt sorry for the student because of the students recent illness

b. valued the quality of the students work more than her belief

c. was afraid other students would think poorly of her

d. has difficulty upholding her belief system

B is the correct answer.

a is incorrect because feeling sorry does not justify

c is incorrect because being afraid does not justify

d is incorrect because it does not show she is unable to uphold her beliefs

Explanation question 2: It is a hot summer day. A 6 year old child has been playing outside and riding her bike. When she comes in for lunch her face is red and she is warm and fussy. Her temp is normal. Which best explains what is happening to the child. The child:

a. is hungry and tired

b. is showing early signs or illness or infection

c. may be responding to weather and activity.

d. needs immediate medical care

the correct answer is c

a – there is no information to support

b-no information to support

d-no data to support this need

Self-regulation questions are looking for you to:

-examine one views with sensitivity to the possible influence of personal bias or self-interest.

Self-regulation question 1: You are trying to make a decision about the best policy to implement regards sick leave for your staff. In order to make the best decision, you should:

a. implement the policy that most closely resembles that of a nearby company

b. consider the costs and benefits to both the company and employees

c. choose the policy that costs the company the least amount of money

d. find out which policy is favored by the majority of employees

the correct answer is b

a- does not show impartial judgement

c-does not show impartial judgement

d-only shows impartial judgment to employees not company

Self-regulation question 1: 2 students have applied for selection for residency in a college dorm, but there is only one space for one student. In order for the dorm admission to make the best choice, the counselor should:

a. choose the student with an ethnic background similar to those already living there

b. allow students currently living there to pick

c. use past personal experience with similar students to guide them

d. consider each applicant using the same set of selection criteria

correct answer is d

a is incorrect because racial bias

b is incorrect because students will be bias

c is incorrect because personal bias

Six friends are seated in a restaurant across a rectangular table. There are 3 chairs on each side. Adam and Dorky do not have anyone sitting on their right and Clyde and Benjamin do not have anyone sitting on their left. Adam and Benjamin are not sitting on the same side of the table.

If Ethan is not sitting next to Dorky, who is seated immediately to the left of Felix?

a. Benjamin

b. Dorky

c. Adam

d. Cyde

If i go down to the pond today, the only birds I will see are swans. What is the best assumption?

a. There will be no ducks at the pond.

b. All swans are white

c. There will be swans at the pond today.

Correct answer is A.

b-no color is stated

c-does not say there will always be swans.

Scientific studies have discovered a link between chewing gum and better performance when it comes to tests. Research shows that this is because the act of chewing gum correlates with heightened activity in the hippocampus- the region of the brain which handles memory. When activity in the hippocampus is increases, it appears though the ability to recall memories is strengthened. which of the following inferences can be made?

a. Chewing gum causes heightened activity in the hippocampus

b. There is a correlation between chewing gum and better recollection of memories

c. Students who chew gum will perform worse in exams than students who do not.

Correct response is B.

a- insufficient data- correlation/causation

c-there is a link of doing better, no link that it makes you do worse.

At the beginning of Sept 2015, the govt launched a program to improve learning at A-level across the country. The goal w to improve A-level results between A and C students scoring between a C and an A in their A-level rose from50% in 2015 to 75% in 2016. The number of students scoring U had dropped from 15% to 12% and between E and D scored were down from 45% to a meager 13%. which of the following interpretations is true?

a. The govt has been successful in this program

b. The govt’s goals have been achieved or exceeded

c. Students who would’ve likely achieved between a D or an E were now achieving a to C

correct answer is b (goal was met)

a-doesn’t mean the program causes high improvement

c-does not follow- students in different year just may have been more capable

Some objects with four wheels are cars. All cars posses a steering wheel. This object has four wheels but no steering wheel. Therefore:

a. this object is a car

b. this object is not a car

c. this object is a bike

correct response is b.

a-only some object with four wheels is car, and does not meet all the steering wheels

c-bikes have 2 wheels

Should private schools be taxed more heavily to pay for state school pupils meals? Which argument is accurate?

a. Yes-those children are going hungry!

b. No- Big businesses should be taxed instead of private schools. Taxing private schools would reduce their incentive to provide good service, and could lower quality of teaching.

c-No- We live in a free market and therefore private schools deserve the profits they make. That is just the way it is.

d. none

Correct answer none

a-emotional response

b- double standard.

c-descriptive and prescriptive claims.

A doctor gives a man 8 pills and tells him to take one every 3 hours, starting now. If the man does as he is told, how long will it be until he has take all of the pills?

a. 18

b.21

c.24

d.32

What is the 10th number in this sequence? 5,11,17,23,29,35,….

a.51

b.53

c.59

d.61

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
Argument: Sam offered to buy Lee’s bike for $150 by paying Lee $25 a week, Lee would let Sam keep the bike at her house and ride it when and where she wanted. Both girls accepted.

Conclusion: Until Sam makes her final payment, Lee can ride the Bike.

Is the conclusion strong, weak or little to no evidence?

little to evidence

One hundred young adults in their 20s and 30s paid to participate in a recent speed dating event at a bar in a big city. At this event, education and occupation were the most commonly discussed topics among the speed daters, because young adults today view these topics as the most important for finding an ideal partner.

A majority of young adults had not previously discussed the topics of education and occupation with their previous potential partners.

a. True

b. Probably true

c.Insufficient Data

d. Probably false

e. False

d. Probably False

2500 people gathered to protest a proposed 1% increase in their state’s sales tax. The speakers at the protest spoke about not just lowering the sales tax but also lowering the state’s income tax. Several hundred counter-protesters also came to the protest. Some violent confrontations ensued, resulting in dozens of arrests.

The counter-protesters do not want the state’s income tax to be lowered.

a. True

b. Probably true

c.Insufficient Data

d. Probably false

e. False

b. probably true

Ms. White, who lives in a village in the countryside, was brought before the village’s court for the third time in the past six months due to not picking up after her dog. She pleaded innocence but was found guilty and fined $200, which she paid, as happened the previous two times.

There were two consecutive months during the past six months when Ms. White properly picked up after her dog.

a. True

b. Probably true

c.Insufficient Data

d. Probably false

e. False

Insufficient data

We forecast that the completion of supercomputers’ development will be followed by a shortage of people who know how to make use of all this computing power.

Proposed Assumption:It’s only a matter of time until the development of supercomputers will be completed.

a.assumption made

b. assumption not made

bout 330 marketing professionals attended this year’s Media Innovations Forum. This indicates that social media engagement is a substantial feature of brand marketing plans.

Proposed Assumption: The extent of attendance in professional media forums is not negligible.

a.made

b. not made

made

Ethics committee member: “This person was the proctor at the exam during which the two students were caught allegedly cheating. Yet, she claims to recognize the student who gave the answers but not the student who was getting the answers. Therefore, the proctor’s testimony should be excluded.”

Proposed Assumption:If a proctor claims to recognize both parties involved in cheating, then the proctor’s testimony should be included.

a. Made

b. Not made

All Real Estate assets are either very large or located in central areas but not both. While no apartment is without air-conditioning, all air-conditioned RE assets are substantial.

RE Assets that are located in central areas are not apartments.

a. conclusion follows

b. Conclusion does not follow

Conclusion follows

Bonds and stocks are both securities, which differ in that stockholders bought and own a share in the company, whereas bondholders lend money to company owners. Another difference is that bonds have a defined term, after which the bond is redeemed by the owners, whereas stocks may be outstanding indefinitely. I invested money in company C’s stocks.

I didn’t lend money to company C.

a. conclusion follows

b. conclusion does not follow

conclusion does not follow

All plastic bags make noise. Nevertheless, not all plastic bags are reusable.

Some noisy plastic bags are reusable.

a.conclusion follow

b.conclusion does not follow

conclusion does not follow

In a certain recycling company that generously rewarded workers for each new client they brought in, it was found that 15 percent of the workers brought in three or more new clients last year. Among workers who had bribed clients to get their business, 25 percent brought in three or more new clients last year.

The workers who had not used bribes earned more money than those who did because the bribers also lost money in bringing in clients.

a.conclusion follow

b.conclusion does not follow

conclusion does not follow

No one has ever proven that babies who are slow to gain weight in the first few months of their lives generally don’t catch up to their peers by age 13.

Babies who are slow to gain weight usually catch up with their 13-year-old peers.

a.conclusion follow

b.conclusion does not follow

conclusion does not follow

When I go to work in the morning, I usually leave my house at 7:00 am and take the bus into the city. However, on rare occasions, I stay overnight at my aunt’s house and take the underground to work.

My workplace is in the city.

a.conclusion follow

b.conclusion does not follow

conclusion does not follow

Should the US government welfare program exchange the current food stamps system, which act like cash, for a list of approved foods?

No. While fraudulent schemes using food stamps are well known and can therefore be prevented, the fraudulent schemes that will undoubtedly be used with a list of approved foods are unknown and cannot be prevented.

a. strong

b. weak

strong

Should employees who have over five years of experience in the company be bound by law to give employers advance notice of 60 days upon resignation?

No. Labor laws such as this one that protects employers discourage employees, making them less efficient in the workplace.

a. strong

b. weak

Strong

Should the government close aging and polluting power stations even if the result is more energy imports?

No, importing is highly expensive, and the world-wide financial crisis has had a major impact on the government’s ability to pay for such expensive schemes.

a. strong

b. weak

strong

Statement: James is a human rights activist who was fined £60 on three different days during the past month for smoking in public at his workplace. On each of the occasions, he admitted to the act peacefully, telling policemen that he is unwilling to conform with such a breach of people’s right to privacy. James paid the three fines shortly after receiving them.

Inference: James has spent at least a couple hundreds of pounds in his struggle to oppose violation of civil liberties this year.

True

Probably True

Insufficient Data

Probably False

False

Probably true

Statement: Complaints were raised against the town’s sole French teacher for using her monopoly to charge more than her late predecessor. In fact, however, she does not earn more money on each lesson than she would have before, because she lives out of town and her fee reflects higher transportation costs than those of her predecessor, who lived in town.

Proposed Assumption: Service providers who spend more on transportation are more expensive.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

Assumption not made

Statement: Some citizens pay taxes. Many citizens receive income support.

Conclusion: More citizens receive income support than citizens who pay taxes.

Conclusion follows

Conclusion does not follow

conclusion does not follow

(Citizens = A, pay taxes = B, receive income support = C.According to the premises, (A+B)some, and (A+C)many.
The conclusion states (A+C) > (A+B).)

Text: In the years 2011-12, 32% of pupils entitled to free school meals (an indicator of low socioeconomic status) achieved five GCSE passes at grade C or above. This is compared to 65% of pupils who were not entitled to free school meals.

Conclusion: Most of the pupils who were not entitled to a free school meal achieved five GCSE passes at grade C or above.

Conclusion follows

Conclusion does not follow

Conclusion follows

Question: Should parents put their children in preparation courses for gifted tests, in order for them to reach their full potential?

Argument: Yes; parents are responsible for their children’s future and should do whatever they can to help them succeed in life.

Strong argument

Weak argument

Weak

Josie’s English teacher gives her class a vocabulary quiz every Wednesday, and Josie has never done well on any of the quizzes. What can Josie do to improve her score on the next vocabulary quiz?

a. Look over her past quizzes to see what she missed.

b. Set aside more time during the week to review the material for the quiz.

c. Get to class on early Wednesday and briefly look over the chapters.

d. Get a good night’s sleep.

You read a story online about salary negotiations with public school bus drivers. The drivers have planned a strike for next week. What can you assume from this news story?

a. Parents should find an alternative way to get their kids to school next week.

b. the premiums must be over-priced.

c. Collective bargaining is no longer a feasible solution.

d. Their employers are being unreasonable.

A recent survey showed that residents in Alaska are happier than residents in Hawaii. What reasonable conclusion can be drawn from this evidence?

a. People in Hawaii dislike living on an island.

b. Colder climates induce more happiness than warmer climates.

c. The high scores on the Alaska survey were produced by people who enjoy snow.

d. People in Hawaii should move to Alaska.

What is the root of the problem?

a. Jenny’s credit card was declined at the mall.

b. Jenny’s bank keeps charging her $30 overdraft fees.

c. Jenny’s check bounced when she attempted to purchase a new TV.

d. Jenny spends more money than she makes.

Which of the following is an invalid argument?

a. Lori has thirty cans of soda in a refrigerator in her garage and another fourteen sitting on the counter. Lori does not have anymore cans of soda. Therefore, Lori has 44 cans of soda.

b. The accounting department loves math. My friend works in the accounting department. My friend loves math.

c. Everyone southbound on the freeway yesterday was late to work. Jackie was southbound on the freeway. Jackie was late to work.

d. Adrian lives in either Springfield, California, or Springfield, Illinois. If he lives in Illinois, then he is an American.

Should companies downsize their workforces to decrease expenses and maximise profits?

Yes; downsizing will protect the company from bankruptcy in hard economic times.

a.Strong

b.Weak

weak

Should companies downsize their workforces to decrease expenses and maximise profits?

Yes; companies have no obligation to employ more people than it can handle.

a.Strong

b.Weak

weak

Should companies downsize their workforces to decrease expenses and maximise profits?

No; downsizing leads to demoralisation of the workforce and causes a drop in employee productivity.

a.strong

b.weak

strong

Should companies downsize their workforces to decrease expenses and maximise profits?

Yes, companies which have no control over the size of their workforce will be highly vulnerable to economic climates and market changes.

a.strong

b.weak

weak

Should university-level education be free to all students?

No. Too much education can lead to over-qualification, and therefore unemployment.

a.Strong

b.Weak

weak

should university-level education be free to all students?

Yes, having a highly qualified workforce ensures high levels of employee productivity in organisations

a.Strong

b.Weak

strong

should university-level education be free to all students?

No, research has shown that students that are not required to pay tuition fees slack off more and learn less during their degree.

a. strong

b.weak

strong

Should employers allow all staff the option of flexi-time working hours?

Yes, giving staff greater flexibility will improve their work-life balance, and therefore their productivity.

a.strong

b.weak

strong

Should employers allow all staff the option of flexi-time working hours?

Yes, organisations that value their staff are on average more productive and show lower staff turnover.

a.strong

b.weak

weak

Should employers allow all staff the option of flexi-time working hours?

No, flexi time leads to employees working fewer hours. Working fewer hours will decrease an employee’s exposure to the workplace, making career progression harder and leading to a less experienced workforce.

a.strong

b.weak

strong

Should governments implement a minimum wage, outlining a minimum amount an employee is to be paid per hour?

Yes, the existence of minimum wages is a key part of a civilised society.

a.strong

b.weak

weak

Should governments implement a minimum wage, outlining a minimum amount an employee is to be paid per hour?

Yes, countries that do not have a minimum wage are often impoverished and dysfunctional.

a.strong

weak

Should governments implement a minimum wage, outlining a minimum amount an employee is to be paid per hour?

No, minimum wage leads to under-employment by forcing companies to take on staff part time, as they cannot afford to hire them on a full time basis.

a.strong

b.weak

strong

Should banks and financial institutions be obligated to engage in socially-responsible investing?

Yes, engaging in socially responsible investing leads to a happier and more fulfilled workforce compared to banks which do not engage in socially-responsible investing.

a.strong

b.weak

strong

Should banks and financial institutions be obligated to engage in socially-responsible investing?

No, banks are for-profit institutions and have no obligation to social issues.

a.strong

weak

Should banks and financial institutions be obligated to engage in socially-responsible investing?

No, focusing on social responsibility detracts from the aim of making money, which is the most important endeavour for banks, and leads to a decrease in revenue and profit.

a.strong

b.weak

strong

Should banks and financial institutions be obligated to engage in socially-responsible investing?

No, over-regulation in the financial sector leads to decreased opportunities and therefore lower profits.

a.strong

weak

Should all members of the European Union join the Eurozone and adopt the euro?

No, countries may find it difficult to adapt to a new currency.

Strong Argument

Weak Argument

weak

Should all members of the European Union join the Eurozone and adopt the euro?

Yes, the function of the European Union is to form a single currency union.

Strong Argument

Weak Argument

weak

Should all members of the European Union join the Eurozone and adopt the euro?

Yes, greater economic unity between countries improves foreign relations between those member countries, which in turn makes each country stronger.

Strong Argument

Weak Argument

strong

Should all members of the European Union join the Eurozone and adopt the euro?

No, instability in one Eurozone country could cause the whole Eurozone to become unstable, disrupting the economies of all countries that use the euro.

Strong Argument

Weak Argument

strong

Should governments be engaging in space exploration research?

No, the money spent on these programs could be used to increase funding for education and healthcare, which would lead to increasing the quality of life for a country’s people.

Strong Argument

Weak Argument

strong

Should governments be engaging in space exploration research?

No, countries have collectively spent trillions of dollars on space exploration research already.

Strong Argument

Weak Argument

weak

Should governments be engaging in space exploration research?

Yes, space exploration has led to numerous discoveries and ushered in the space age.

Strong Argument

Weak Argument

weak

Should governments be engaging in space exploration research?

Yes, the findings of these space exploration research and development programmes have been successfully applied to industry, boosting the economies of the host country.

Strong Argument

Weak Argument

strong

The governments of monarchic nations are responsible for setting tax rates on their citizens.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption not made

Republican nations do not have a royal family.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption made

The only types of nation are monarchic and republican.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption not made

Monarchic nations, i.e. those with royal families, differ from republican nations in several ways. An example of this difference is that citizens of monarchic nations pay more tax than citizens of republican nations.
A monarchic nation cannot be a republican nation.
A.
Assumption Made
B.
Assumption Not Made
assumption made

In 2008, the President of the USA promised to prevent the country entering economic depression, but he failed because at the beginning of 2012, over 12 million USA citizens were unemployed.

Unemployment is an indicator of economic depression.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption made

In 2008, the President of the USA promised to prevent the country entering economic depression, but he failed because at the beginning of 2012, over 12 million USA citizens were unemployed.

The number of USA citizens out of work ought to be less than 12 million.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption made

In 2008, the President of the USA promised to prevent the country entering economic depression, but he failed because at the beginning of 2012, over 12 million USA citizens were unemployed.

Presidents should stick to their promises.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption note made

Chilean students were right in 2012 to stage protests demanding that university education in Chile should be made free.

Some Universities outside of Chile are free.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption made

Chilean students were right in 2012 to stage protests demanding that university education in Chile should be made free.

Staging protests will influence the costs of Chilean university education.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption note made

Chilean students were right in 2012 to stage protests demanding that university education in Chile should be made free.

Chilean students cannot afford to pay fees for university education.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption note made

Chilean students were right in 2012 to stage protests demanding that university education in Chile should be made free.

Chilean students want to attend university.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption note made

Charities don’t have to charge VAT to customers, which means charity bookshops can charge lower prices than those charged by second-hand bookshops which are not registered as a charity.

Charities pay less tax than non-charities.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption note made

Charities don’t have to charge VAT to customers, which means charity bookshops can charge lower prices than those charged by second-hand bookshops which are not registered as a charity.

Customers prefer to pay lower prices.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption notmade

Charities don’t have to charge VAT to customers, which means charity bookshops can charge lower prices than those charged by second-hand bookshops which are not registered as a charity.

VAT increases the price customers pay for things.

Assumption Made

Assumption Not Made

assumption made

n an attempt to cut expenses, an organisation disbanded its IT department and outsourced its IT function to a business process outsourcing company. In doing so the company has managed to save 20% on its IT function expenditure.

Outsourcing functions to business process outsourcing companies will cut expenses.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

In an attempt to cut expenses, an organisation disbanded its IT department and outsourced its IT function to a business process outsourcing company. In doing so the company has managed to save 20% on its IT function expenditure.

The aim of this company’s outsourcing was to make the organisation more profitable.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

The outsourced IT function has saved the organisation 1/5th on their IT function expenditure compared to the in-house IT function.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

Sarah owns a new company. New companies are more likely to fail than well-established companies. Therefore:

Sarah’s company will fail.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follw

Sarah owns a new company. New companies are more likely to fail than well-established companies. Therefore:

Sarah’s company is more likely to fail than a well-established company.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

Sarah owns a new company. New companies are more likely to fail than well-established companies. Therefore:

Well-established companies are more likely to succeed than new companies.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

Statistics have shown that companies selling baked goods, such as cakes and pastries, are more likely to be successful if they are advertised as French or Belgian. Therefore:

French and Belgian products are more expensive.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

Statistics have shown that companies selling baked goods, such as cakes and pastries, are more likely to be successful if they are advertised as French or Belgian. Therefore:

French and Belgian baked goods must taste better.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

Statistics have shown that companies selling baked goods, such as cakes and pastries, are more likely to be successful if they are advertised as French or Belgian. Therefore:

It is a sound business model to advertise baked goods as French or Belgian as it is more likely to result in successful sales.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

May 2012 had the highest level of rainfall on record for the preceding fifty years. Predictions of rainfall are rarely accurate. Therefore:

It rained more than expected in May 2012.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

May 2012 had the highest level of rainfall on record for the preceding fifty years. Predictions of rainfall are rarely accurate. Therefore:

The rainfall in May 2012 was greater than in May 2011.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

May 2012 had the highest level of rainfall on record for the preceding fifty years. Predictions of rainfall are rarely accurate. Therefore:

May is usually dry.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

Facebook was launched on the American stock market in May 2012. However, statistics suggest that other several previously high-performing companies, such as Pandora, Groupon and LinkedIn fell in value after they were launched on the American stock market. Therefore:

It is possible that Facebook will also drop in value after May 2012.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

Social networking sites perform badly once they become publicly listed on the stock market.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

All companies decrease in value when first launched on the American stock market.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

There are currently three problems facing the financial sector. Firstly, bankers are no longer seen as reliable or trustworthy. Secondly, executives of financial institutions are seen by the general public as being overpaid. Finally, it is difficult to regulate the financial sector. Therefore:

Banks have never been trusted by the general public.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

Reliability is no longer an issue when considering the failings of the financial sector.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

Overpaying financial executives may contribute to problems facing the financial sector.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

Coley is a company that produces scented candles, using only natural products. Coley is against testing on animals and does not use pesticides in any of its products. Therefore:

The scent from Coley’s candles is made from fruits and berries.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

Coley is a company that produces scented candles, using only natural products. Coley is against testing on animals and does not use pesticides in any of its products. Therefore:

Coley’s products are unlikely to contain man-made setting agents.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

Coley is a company that produces scented candles, using only natural products. Coley is against testing on animals and does not use pesticides in any of its products. Therefore:

Coley’s products are likely to be more expensive.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

Although it is agreed that China is rapidly modernising its army, there is some doubt surrounding the exact amount it is spending. The research institute ‘PIPPI’, submits that the annual Chinese defence spending has risen from almost $31 billion in 2000 to over $120 billion in 2010. This figure is almost double the official figure published by the Chinese government; who fail to include many other areas such as research and development in the official figure each year. In 2010, the United States government spent around $400 billion on military defence. Based on the current level of military growth, statistics suggest that China’s defence spending could overtake America’s by 2030. In addition to military spending, China’s army continues to enjoy the largest number of people within the ranks of its army than any other country.

The official figures published by the Chinese government in relation to their military spending are thought to be misleading.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

true

It is known that the Chinese government leave areas such as ‘research’ and ‘development’ from their official figures, however, this would also suggest that other areas of spending may also be omitted from the official figure.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

prob true

The Chinese government omits several key areas from its official spending figures, in areas such as military spending, agriculture, human rights and law.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

more info required

If there are any anomalies between the published figures on military spending and the actual figure spent, this is merely a clerical error.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

false

In 2010 the United States of America spent less on its military defences than the Chinese government.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

true

Turkey is a surprising addition to the list of rapidly developing economies; with a GDP increase of 8.5% in the year 2011 alone. However, such rapid growth leaves worries regarding possible side-effects. For instance, in 2011 Turkey’s rate of inflation was well above that of its peers. Secondly, there is increasing concern regarding Turkey’s growing dependency on foreign capital. A large portion of the Turkish banking system is part-owned by banks within the Eurozone. As the single currency falters, such a dependency raises questions about the stability of Turkish growth.

There are concerns that Turkey’s development is at risk of faltering in the years after 2011.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

more info required

As Turkish banks are part-owned by those in the Eurozone, they may suffer if the European banks face financial difficulty.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

more info required

The Turkish banks are part-owned by European banks as this provides greater variation to the market and extra finance to the economy.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

more info required

Turkish banks are part owned by European banks as this provides greater economic links with the Eurozone, helping their ascension into the European Union.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

The Turkish economy was surprisingly stagnant in 2011.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

false

Some people think that prospective employees should include a photograph with their application form. Such practice has traditionally been criticised for allowing more attractive individuals to get ahead in their career over ‘plain’ colleagues. However, one study demonstrates that this is, in fact, untrue. Ruffle, the creator of this study, attributes his findings to the ‘dumb-blonde hypothesis’- that beautiful women are thought to be unintelligent. Ruffle submits that companies would be better advised adopting the selection model employed by the Belgian public sector, where CVs are anonymous and candidate names, gender and photographs are not allowed to be included on CVs. Such a model allows the candidate to be selected on factors relevant to the role applied for.

The ‘dumb-blonde hypothesis’ says that more attractive women are less capable of being intelligent.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

false

The model of selecting future employees adopted by the Belgian public sector aims to reduce discrimination based on appearance and gender.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

prob true

The method of selecting future employees adopted by the Belgian public sector has helped to eliminate discrimination in the Belgian public sector.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

more info required

The method of selecting future employees adopted by the Belgian public sector has had the effect of increasing discrimination based on appearance within the Belgian public sector.

True

Probably True

More Information Required

Probably False

False

The Tapoloa Club is a Hawaiian-themed night club in central London. Its most popular drink is the Volcano, which emits sparks and flames. The Tapoloa Club also offers a range of cocktails in perverse containers such as pineapples and coconuts, such as the ‘coconut express’ and the ‘pineapple pick-up’ respectively. Therefore:

The ‘coconut express’ is the second most popular drink sold by the Tapoloa Club.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

All themed clubs in London sell unusual drinks.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

The “coconut express” is contained in a pineapple, and the “pineapple pick up” is contained in a coconut.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

The British National Library has the largest collection of publicly-owned books in the United Kingdom. Therefore:

There might be a larger collection of books in the United Kingdom.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

The British National Library has the largest collection of publicly-owned books in the United Kingdom. Therefore:

There might be a larger collection of publicly-owned books in the United Kingdom.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

The British National Library has the largest collection of publicly-owned books in the United Kingdom. Therefore:

The British National Library is in the United Kingdom.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

People with a master’s degree in business administration (MBA) earn an income on average 70% higher than people with just an undergraduate degree. MBA students from top business schools earn an income on average 50% higher than the average income of people with MBAs. structures.

If a person obtains an MBA, their income will increase.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

If a person obtains an MBA from a top business school, their income will be higher than that of the average MBA graduate.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follw

The average income of an MBA graduate from a top business school is over double that of the average income of a person holding only an undergraduate degree.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

Hannah has been a solicitor for three years. She works for a law firm in central London and has hopes of being promoted. To be promoted in Hannah’s firm, employees must have at least four years’ experience practising as a solicitor. Therefore:

Hannah cannot be promoted because she doesn’t have enough experience.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion follows

We cannot know whether Hannah can be promoted or not.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

In 3 years’ time, assuming Hannah has not been promoted, she will be over qualified for her current position.

Conclusion Follows

Conclusion Does Not Follow

conclusion does not follow

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