S1
✓ First heart sound, closure of mitral and tricuspid valves in systole
S2
✓ Second heart sound, closure of aortic and pulmonic valves in diastole
Preload
✓ Diastolic filling with venous blood
Contractility
✓ Systolic ejection
Afterload
✓ Resistance to systolic ejection
Equation for cardiac output
✓ Stroke volume x heart rate
1 / 3
Sustained tachycardia causes _ ✓ Decreased stroke volume Ischemia, acidosis and cardiomyopathy cause_
✓ Decreased contractility
HTN, pulmonary disease and aortic valve damage cause _ ✓ Increased afterload What is the most immediate effect on afterload? ✓ HTN Hemorrhage and decreased volume decreases and
✓ Preload and afterload
Increased preload increases ✓ Stroke volume Right sided HF is also called
✓ Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale causes and is caused by __
✓ Enlargement of RV, pulmonary HTN from chronic lung disease
2 / 3
5 causes of lung disease leading to cor pulmonale?
✓ COPD
✓ PE
✓ Pulmonary fibrosis
✓ OSA
✓ Myasthenia gravis, polio
4 causes of heart failure
✓ CAD
✓ HTN
✓ Cardiomyopathy
✓ Faulty valves
4 events that lead to HF
✓ HTN
✓ Increased LV preload
✓ Increased LA preload
✓ Pulmonary edema
Define ventilation
✓ The ability to inhale and exhale air
Define perfusion
✓ The ability of lungs and tissues to perform gas exchange
Intrinsic asthma
✓ Internal trigger (anxiety)