The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold by
A Diabetes mellitus
B Hypertension
C Obesity
D High alcohol consumption
The correct answer and Explanation is :
The correct answer is A) Diabetes mellitus.
Explanation:
Diabetes mellitus significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD), and its impact can be up to threefold compared to individuals without diabetes. This heightened risk stems from several interrelated factors.
- Metabolic Dysfunction: Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes, is associated with metabolic syndrome, which includes a cluster of conditions such as high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and increased blood glucose. These factors contribute to the development and progression of CAD. High blood glucose levels can lead to the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which promote inflammation and endothelial dysfunction—key factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
- Increased Atherosclerosis: Individuals with diabetes tend to have a more aggressive form of atherosclerosis. This is due to the direct effects of elevated glucose and insulin resistance on the vascular endothelium (the inner lining of blood vessels), leading to increased plaque formation in the arteries. Over time, this can narrow and harden the arteries, impairing blood flow and increasing the risk of CAD.
- Increased Risk Factors: People with diabetes often have additional risk factors for CAD, including hypertension (high blood pressure), dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid levels), and obesity. These coexisting conditions compound the risk of developing CAD.
- Impaired Repair Mechanisms: Diabetes can impair the body’s ability to repair damaged blood vessels, which further exacerbates the progression of CAD. The chronic hyperglycemia seen in diabetes also contributes to endothelial cell damage and inflammation, worsening cardiovascular health.
Managing diabetes effectively through lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring is crucial to reducing the risk of CAD. This includes maintaining optimal blood glucose levels, controlling blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and adopting heart-healthy habits.