NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology MIDTERM READINESS EXAM Q & S 2025/2026

1. Which of the following changes is most commonly
associated with chronic inflammation?
 a) Decrease in neutrophils
 b) Formation of granulomas
 c) Decreased angiogenesis
 d) Decreased fibroblast activity

 Answer: b) Formation of granulomas
 Rationale: Chronic inflammation often involves the
formation of granulomas, which are small areas of
inflammation due to the body attempting to wall off and
isolate the infected area.
2. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating
serum calcium levels?
 a) Calcitonin
 b) Parathyroid hormone
 c) Insulin
 d) Thyroxin

 Answer: b) Parathyroid hormone
 Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases
serum calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption,
increasing intestinal calcium absorption, and decreasing
excretion through the kidneys.
3. In acute kidney injury (AKI), which of the following is the
earliest indicator of renal tubular dysfunction?
 a) BUN:Creatinine ratio
 b) Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
 c) Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa)
 d) Renal ultrasound