1. Describe the normal appearance of urine The normal appearance of urine is clear and yellow, with a slight odor. The color and clarity of urine can vary depending on the amount and type of fluids and foods consumed, as well as the presence of any medications or supplements. Some factors that can alter the appearance of urine are dehydration, infections, blood, bile, or kidney problems. If the urine is cloudy, dark, bloody, or has a strong or unusual smell, it may indicate a health issue and should be checked by a doctor. 2. Where is E. coli normally found in the body? Normally E.coli live in the intestines of people 3. A 32-year-old female is seen in the urologist's office because of a fever, chills, and generalized fatigue. She also reported urgency, frequency, dysuria, and hematuria. In addition, she noticed that her urine was cloudy with a fishy odor. The physician ordered the following tests: a clean catch specimen for a U/A, a urine C&S, and a KUB. The U/A revealed pyuria, bacteria, and a slightly acidic pH. Escherichia coli was grown in the culture. X-rays revealed acute pyelonephritis resulting from cystitis which has spread up to the kidney from the bladder. The patient was placed on an antibiotic and encouraged to "push fluids" by drinking 2L of water a day What diagnostic tests did the urologist order? Describe them in your own words The urologist ordered three tests to diagnose the patient's condition. The first test was a clean catch specimen for a U/A, which means the patient had to collect a urine sample in a sterile container after cleaning the genital area. This test can check for signs of infection or inflammation in the urine, such as white blood cells, bacteria, or blood. The second test was a urine C&S, which stands for culture and sensitivity. This test can identify the specific type of bacteria causing the infection and the best antibiotic to treat it. The third test was a KUB, which is an x-ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. This test can show any abnormalities in the urinary tract, such as stones, tumors, or swelling. 4. Describe the difference between a spiral fracture and a hairline fracture A spiral fracture and a hairline fracture are two different types of bone fractures. A spiral fracture occurs when a bone is broken with a twisting motion, creating a fracture line that wraps around the bone like a corkscrew. A hairline fracture, also known as a stress fracture, is a small crack or severe bruise within a bone, usually caused by overuse